Day 3

Question 1

What does the female reproductive tract include?

Answer 1

Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

Question 2

Ovary

Answer 2

Paired organs which produce oocytes after puberty and which also have an endocrine function

Question 3

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

Answer 3

• estrogen and progesterone (during pregnancy and cycle)
• relaxin (pregnancy, cause relaxation of ligaments in pelvis

Question 4

Where are the ovaries located?

Answer 4

Lateral wall of the true pelvis

Question 5

Uterine tubes

Answer 5

Transport oocytes from ovary to uterus through ciliary action and muscle contraction (3-4 day process)

Question 6

Infundibulum

Answer 6

Funnel shaped portion nearest the ovary

Question 7

Where are the first and second most common sites for fertilization?

Answer 7

• most common = ampulla
• second most common = infundibulum

Question 8

Ampulla

Answer 8

Longest and widest part of the uterine tube

Question 9

Isthmus

Answer 9

Narrowest external part, nearest the uterus

Question 10

Uterine part

Answer 10

Portion of the tube which lies inside the uterus

Question 11

Abdominal ostium (O.S.)

Answer 11

Opening of uterine tube near ovary

Question 12

Fimbriae

Answer 12

Finger like projections around margin of infundibulum
- catches oocyte when released and passes through abdominal ostium

Question 13

Uterus

Answer 13

Fertilized oocyte normally becomes embedded and in which fetal development takes place

Question 14

What forms the birth canal?

Answer 14

Uterus and vagina

Question 15

What does the uterus look like?

Answer 15

Variable in size, shape, location, and structure depending on age and number of pregnancies

Question 16

Nulliparous

Answer 16

One with no children, walls of uterus are thick, muscular and organ is shaped like inverted pear

Question 17

Fundus of the uterus

Answer 17

Rounded part of the uterus located superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

Question 18

Body of uterus

Answer 18

Main part of the uterus located inferior to fundus and superior to isthmus

Question 19

Isthmus

Answer 19

Narrow, constricted portion between the body and cervix (internal O.S.)

Question 20

Cervix

Answer 20

Inferior part of the uterus, extends from isthmus to opening in vagina

Question 21

External O.S.

Answer 21

Opening of cervical canal into vagina

Question 22

Uterine cavity

Answer 22

Within the body of the uterus, it is wide above and narrow below, normal site for implantation

Question 23

Cervical canal

Answer 23

Within the cervix and extends from the internal O.S. (Isthmus) to the external O.S.

Question 24

Perimetrium

Answer 24

Thin outer peritoneal layer

Question 25

Myometrium

Answer 25

Thick, smooth muscle layer

Question 26

Endometrium

Answer 26

Thin inner mucosal layer

Question 27

Functional layer

Answer 27

Within endometrium, superficial, sheds during menstruation

Question 28

Basilar layer

Answer 28

Within endometrium, deep, regenerates functional layer

Question 29

Vagina

Answer 29

- Lower portion of birth canal - Communicates with cervical canal through external OS and vestibule below through vaginal oriface

Question 30

What are other words for uterus?

Answer 30

Metros and hysteria

Question 31

When does the female reproductive cycle begin?

Answer 31

10-13 (puberty)

Question 32

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 32

Produced in hypothalamus and passes to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system

Question 33

What 2 hormones does GnRH stimulate?

Answer 33

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 34

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 34

Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion by follicular cells

Question 35

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 35

Initiates ovulation (release of secondary oocyte) and secretion of progesterone by follicular cells and corpus luteum

Question 36

What controls the ovarian cycle?

Answer 36

FSH and LH

Question 37

Step 1: follicle development

Answer 37

- hollow, spheroidal CT structures within ovary (contains developing oocyte) - puberty increases FSH secretion and stimulates groups of primordial follicles to enlarge and secrete estrogen on a monthly basis (become primary follicles)

Question 38

Primary follicle

Answer 38

Begins to enlarge and contains at least 2 layers of cells (only 1 completes maturation each cycle, others degenerate into atretic follicles)

Question 39

Secondary follicle

Answer 39

Follicular fluid accumulates among follicular cells, fluid filled space enlarges to form the antrum

Question 40

Mature follicle

Answer 40

Dominant follicle of the cycle which eventually bulges from surface of the ovary (large, lots of fluid)

Question 41

What happens during ovulation?

Answer 41

- release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle - midcycle surge in LH triggers ovulation, when secondary oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity through rupture of mature follicle

Question 42

Formation of corpus luteum

Answer 42

- after ovulation, LH stimulates empty mature follicle to develop into a glandular structure called corpus luteum - secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation

Question 43

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn’t occur?

Answer 43

Involutes 10-12 days after ovulation and is replaced by a small white fibrous scar on the ovary called corpus albicans

Question 44

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does occur?

Answer 44

Enlarges and increases its output of progesterone and estrogen to become corpus luteum of pregnancy

Question 45

How does the corpus luteum of pregnancy function?

Answer 45

- maintained by secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by the trophoblast cells of developing blastocyst - remains active through first 20 weeks, then taken over by placenta

Question 46

What effect to fertility drugs have on hormones?

Answer 46

Increase output of FSH and LH

Question 47

What do birth control pills and IUD’s provide and how do they work?

Answer 47

- provide estrogen/progesterone - work by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus

Question 48

How does a copper IUD prevent pregnancy?

Answer 48

Copper ions are toxic to sperm