Day 4

Question 1

Which muscle layer is affected during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 1

endometrium

Question 2

How long is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 2

28 days

Question 3

On which day does the menstrual flow begin?

Answer 3

day 1

Question 4

phase 1 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 4

• menstrual phase
• functional layer of the endometrium sheds off and is excreted
• 4-5 days

Question 5

phase 2 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 5

• proliferative phase
• endometrium doubles/triples in thickness due to secretion of estrogen by developing ovarian follicles
• 9 days

Question 6

when does ovulation normally occur?

Answer 6

day 14, midpoint of menstrual cycle

Question 7

phase 3 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 7

• secretory (luteal) phase
• corresponds to development of corpus luteum
• increased progesterone causes secretion by endometrial glands and further thickening of the endometrium
• 13 days

Question 8

phase 4 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 8

• ischemic phase
• no fertilization = steep decline in hormones and shrinking of endometrium
• ischemia: lack of blood flow due to spiral arteries buckling and kinking
• initiates shed of functional layer
• 1 day

Question 9

When does menstruation resume after pregnancy?

Answer 9

6-10 weeks after termination of pregnancy

Question 10

what can delay the return of menstruation?

Answer 10

breastfeeding

Question 11

what structure sweeps the released secondary oocyte into the infundibulum during oocyte transport?

Answer 11

fimbriae

Question 12

what action allows the secondary oocyte to pass through the uterine tube toward the uterus?

Answer 12

peristalsis

Question 13

Where is seminal fluid produced?

Answer 13

prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral gland

Question 14

What substance allows sperm to survive in the female reproductive tract?

Answer 14

alkaline, produced by seminal vesicle, neutralizes vaginal acidity to allow survival of sperm

Question 15

emission

Answer 15

passage of sperms and seminal fluid to the prostatic urethra via peristalsis

Question 16

ejaculation

Answer 16

the expulsion of sperms and seminal fluid through the external urethral oriface, due to contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle

Question 17

Where are sperms deposited during sexual intercourse?

Answer 17

around external os of the uterus

Question 18

What part of the sperm allows it to pass through the uterus?

Answer 18

tail and uterine contractions

Question 19

What substance is nourishment for sperm?

Answer 19

fructose, contained in the seminal fluid

Question 20

What happens to the cervical mucus during ovulation?

Answer 20

becomes more watery (viscous)

Question 21

capacitation

Answer 21

7 hour period where sperms pause in the isthmus of the uterine tube to finish maturation

Question 22

acrosome reaction

Answer 22

perforations of the acrosome that occur when a capacitated sperm comes in contact with the corona radiata surrounding a secondary oocyte

Question 23

How can sperm penetrate the oocyte?

Answer 23

acrosome reaction releases enzymes, sperm can penetrate oocyte and fuse with its cell membrane

Question 24

What is the maximum life span of a sperm?

Answer 24

~48 hours

Question 25

Where does fertilization normally occur?

Answer 25

ampulla

Question 26

first phase of fertilization

Answer 26

penetration of the sperm through the corona radiata

Question 27

second phase of fertilization

Answer 27

penetration of the sperm through the zona pellucida

Question 28

How are phases 1 and 2 of fertilization facilitated?

Answer 28

enzymes released from acrosome of the sperm

Question 29

phase 3 of fertilization

Answer 29

zona reaction

Question 30

zona reaction

Answer 30

zona pellucida is penetrated by sperm, reaction occurs which makes it impermeable to other sperms

Question 31

phase 4 of fertilization

Answer 31

- fusion of cell membranes of sperm and oocyte - sperm head and tail enter the oocyte while cell membrane is left behind

Question 32

phase 5 of fertilization

Answer 32

- completion of second meiotic division of oocyte - results in formation of the mature oocyte and second polar body

Question 33

What becomes the female pronucleus during phase 5 of fertilization?

Answer 33

the nucleus of the mature oocyte

Question 34

phase 6 of fertilization

Answer 34

- formation of male pronucleus - happens through enlargement of the nucleus of the sperm - oocyte contains two unfused pronuclei

Question 35

ootid

Answer 35

oocyte that contains the two unfused pronuclei

Question 36

phase 7 of fertilization

Answer 36

- formation of zygote - through fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei to form a single diploid

Question 37

When does meiosis end?

Answer 37

when cleavage of the zygote begins

Question 38

When does cleavage occur?

Answer 38

as the zygote passes along the uterine tube toward uterus

Question 39

blastomeres

Answer 39

rapid mitotic divisions that produce cells that become smaller with each division

Question 40

compaction

Answer 40

after the third cleavage, blastomeres form a compact ball of cells held together by tight junctions

Question 41

When does the zygote enter the uterus?

Answer 41

3 days after fertilization, blastomeres form 16 cell morula