days 1- 2

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aquious solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrain

Question 2

cell theory

Answer 2

1. all organisms consist of one or more cells
2. cell is the basic unit of structure + organization for all organisms
3. cells only arise from preexisting cells

Question 3

3 domains of life

Answer 3

bacteria, archaea, eucharia

Question 4

plasma membrain

Answer 4

made up of proteins + lipids. separates cell from everything else (outside of the cell)

Question 5

cytoplasm

Answer 5

contents of cells, devided into cytosol and organells

Question 6

cytosol

Answer 6

aquious solution in the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 7

organelle

Answer 7

(in eukaryotes) a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell (like organs of the cell)

Question 8

why is compartmentalization (in eukaryotes) advantageous?

Answer 8

• helps w/efficiency
• creates gradients (concentration, electrical, ion etc)
• allows specialization
• protection of DNA in nuclious

Question 9

nucleous

Answer 9

contains + protects DNA in cells

Question 10

nuclear envelope

Answer 10

2 lipid bilayers, contains nuclear pores (allows material in/out of nucleus)

Question 11

peroxisome

Answer 11

protects the cell from free radicals.

• converts H2O2 into H2O and H+
• metabolizes fatty acids, some amino acids, toxic substances
• abundent in liver + kidney cells

Question 12

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 12

interconnected membranous tubules and sacs

devided into rough and smooth ER

Question 13

rough ER

Answer 13

contains rhibosomes (does protein synthesis), closer to nucleus

Question 14

smooth ER

Answer 14

no rhibosomes, does lipid synthesis, located outside of rough ER (closer to exterior of cell)

Question 15

golgi apparatus

Answer 15

processes + packages proteins for secretion, synthesizes sugars to modify lipids + proteins

Question 16

exocytosis

Answer 16

process of vesicle fusing + secreting proteins/sugars to out of cell

Question 17

lysosome

Answer 17

contains hydrolysis enzymes which digest macromolecules.

• digesting substances taken from outside of cell (endocytosis)
• autophagy: digesting material from inside cell

Question 18

cytoskeleton

Answer 18

gives cell shape + internal organization, made of proteins

3D array of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 19

mitochondria

Answer 19

ATP production through cellular resperation

• has its own circular DNA
• inner + outer membrane
• self-replicating

Question 20

christae

Answer 20

fold in inner membrane, cite of electron transfer system (making ATP)

Question 21

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 21

archaea + bacteria = eukarya

bacteria turned into organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 22

macromolecule

Answer 22

polymer of a large molecular mass built from covalently-linked subunits (monomers)

Question 23

sugar (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

Answer 23

polysacharides/carbohydrates

Question 24

fatty acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

Answer 24

fats and membrain lipids

Question 25

amino acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

Answer 25

proteins

Question 26

nucleotides (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

Answer 26

nucleic acids

Question 27

catabolism

Answer 27

the breakdown of molecules for energy + useful small molecules used as building blocks

Question 28

anabolism

Answer 28

uses energy to fuel the biosynthesis of molecules that form the cell

Question 29

exergonic reaction

Answer 29

-deltaG (energy is released spontaneously)

Question 30

spontanious reaction

Answer 30

when energy is released in a reaction and it is energetically favorable for the reaction to happen. does NOT mean the reaction WILL happen, just that it CAN

Question 31

endergonic reaction

Answer 31

+deltaG (energy required for reaction, non-spontanious)

Question 32

catalyst

Answer 32

lowers the activation energy needed for a specific reaction, does NOT change a reaction from non-spontanious to spontanious

Question 33

activated carrier

Answer 33

provides energy for energetically unfavorable reactions (non-spontanious)

Question 34

O // --- C --- O

Answer 34

carboxyl (overall negative charge)

Question 35

O // --- O --- P --- O / O

Answer 35

phosphate (overall negative charge)

Question 36

--- NH3

Answer 36

amino group (overall positive charge)

Question 37

--- OH

Answer 37

hydroxyl (overall neutral charge)

Question 38

--- SH

Answer 38

sulfhydryl (overall neutral charge)