tuesday week 2

Question 1

what are the components of a nucleotide and what does it make up?

Answer 1

nucleotieds make up nucleic acids.

phosphate group connected to sugar by a phosphoester bond, sugar bonded to nitrogenous base

Question 2

what type of bond is created between the phosphate group and sugar on a nucleotide?

Answer 2

phosphoester bond

Question 3

what is a purine (and name them)

Answer 3

adenine + guanine. larger DNA/RNA bases with 2 ring structure

Question 4

what is a pyrimidine (and name them)

Answer 4

cytosine, uracil, thymine

smaller one-ringed DNA/RNA bases

Question 5

where is the nitrogenous base attached

Answer 5

1’ carbon

Question 6

where does HO attach to (in both RNA and DNA)`

Answer 6

3’ carbon

Question 7

where does the phosphate group attach

Answer 7

5’ carbon

Question 8

what does the 2’ carbon tell us about a nucleotide

Answer 8

DNA (H) vs RNA (HO)

Question 9

adjacent nucleotides are BLANK linked by BLANK type bond

Answer 9

covalent, phosphodieser bonds

condensation rxn to create this bond

Question 10

do DNA and/or RNA have directionality?

Answer 10

YES BOTH

Question 11

where is 5’ end on a nucleic acid

Answer 11

end of nucleotide chain with a phosphate group

Question 12

where is the 3’ end on a nucleic acid

Answer 12

end of nucleotide chain with free hydroxyl group (on 3’ carbon)

Question 13

what is the directionality of nucleic acids

Answer 13

5’ to 3’

phosphate group to hydroxyl group

Question 14

chargaff’s rule

Answer 14

%A = %T
%C = %G

Question 15

for every purine, there is BLANK pyrimides

Answer 15

THE SAME AMOUNT

Question 16

for every pyrimide, there is BLANK purines

Answer 16

THE SAME AMOUNT

Question 17

what is A’s complementary base pair

Answer 17

T

Question 18

what is T’s complementary base pair

Answer 18

A

Question 19

what is G’s complementary base pair

Answer 19

C

Question 20

what is C’s complementary base pair

Answer 20

G

Question 21

do both strands of DNA run in the same direction?

Answer 21

no, they are antiparalell and run opposit directions

Question 22

which part(s) of the DNA faces inward in the double helix and which part(s) faces outward

Answer 22

nitroginous bases face inward and are planar/flat (stack like coins)

sugar + phosphate group backbone faces out/makes up outer section of each DNA strand

Question 23

complementary base pairs are held together by what kind of bond

Answer 23

hydrogen

important to note that these break when heated up (the phosphoedizer bond stays)

Question 24

explain FISH (fluorescence, in situ hybridization)

Answer 24

you take a small section of dna called the ‘probe’ dna and add flourecense to the probe. you then denature the dna strands of probe + insertion dna and the dna will hybridize so that the flourecent sections are paired with a non-flourecent (original insertion) dna

Question 25

karyotype

Answer 25

labeling chromosomes as different colors to create an inventory of chromosomes in a cell

Question 26

what is one way we can detect tumors and how they came about/grew

Answer 26

large scale changes in chromosomes can be seen in the karyotype inventories (shows up as different color section in a chromosome, or the incorect number of chromosomes (ex 3)

Question 27

explain the southern blot and how it works

Answer 27

the southern blot is a method to identify the presence of specific sequences of DNA

1. DNA molecules seperated into single stranded DNA and seperated by size using agarose gel electrophoresis.
2. single stranded DNA blotted onto nitrocellulose paper which is then carefully removed
3. labaled DNA probe hybredized to the nitrocellulose-bound DNA
4. labaled DNA probe hybredized to complementary DNA bands visualized by autoradiography (final lines/blobs in examples)