DC BIO FINAL-Unit 4: Inheritance

Question 1

Inheritance

Answer 1

Evolution in which traits acquired by individuals through use could be passed on to their offspring

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

Physical & functional unit of heredity & sequence of DNA codes for specific peptide or RNA molecule

Question 3

Locus

Answer 3

Position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 4

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 4

Pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar in structure, size, and genetic content but different versions of genes (alleles)

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

One or two more variants of gene that determine particular traits for characteristics

Question 6

Dominant

Answer 6

Expresses trait in just one copy TT or Tt

Question 7

Recessive

Answer 7

Expresses trait if two copies present tt

Question 8

Heterozygous/Hybrid

Answer 8

Hetero: Two different alleles for given gene on homologous chromosomes
Hybrid: Offspring resulting from crossbreeding of parents with different genetic traits

Question 9

Mendel

Answer 9

Introduced scentific, predictable approach to studying inheritance EX: Pea Plant

Question 10

Mendel’s experiments
P to F1 to F2

Answer 10

W/ experiments like pea plant followed clear sequence from P (parental) generation to F1 (1st filial) generation and F2 (2nd filial) generation.
Demonstrated how traits are inherited according to specific laws of inheritance

Question 11

Monohybrid Ratio

Answer 11

3:1

Question 12

Dihybrid Ratio

Answer 12

1:21

Question 13

Law of Dominance

Answer 13

One trait is completely dominant over the other

Question 14

Law of Segregation

Answer 14

Each organism has 2 alleles for each trait alleles segregate during the formation of gametes

Question 15

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 15

Genes do not influence each other about sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

Question 16

Genotype

Answer 16

Underlying genetic makeup refers to combo of alleles inherited from parents

Question 17

Phenotype

Answer 17

Physical traits

Question 18

Test Cross

Answer 18

Genetic experiments used to determine the genotype of an individual exhibiting dominant phenotype

Question 19

Punnett Square

Answer 19

Diagram used in genetics to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Question 20

Autosomes

Answer 20

Any of the non-sex chromosomes

Question 21

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 21

X & Y chromosomes determine the biological sex of an organism

Question 22

Karyotype

Answer 22

and appearance of a person’s chromosomes, size, banding patterns, and centromere position

Question 23

Linked genes

Answer 23

Genes located close to each other on the same chromosome

Question 24

Incomplete dominance

Answer 24

“In between phenotype” both alleles seen in phenotype of heterozygotes, one doesn’t mask the other
EX: Red + White Flower = Pink Flower

Question 25

Codominance

Answer 25

Heterozygote expresses both alleles equally in phenotype EX: Red + White Flower = Red & White Flower

Question 26

Multiple Allele

Answer 26

Some genes have more than 2 alleles available in population resulting in many combos of two alleles EX: Blood type in humans

Question 27

Polygenic

Answer 27

Bell curve. Inheritance for a trait depends on two or more genes and their combined effects EX: Human Ski color at least 3 genes contribute to trait

Question 28

Pleiotropy

Answer 28

A single gene influences multiple traits in an organism

Question 29

Environmental Influence

Answer 29

Temperature/sun exposure can change gene expression of individuals

Question 30

Pedigree

Answer 30

Diagram used in genetics represents inheritance of tait or disorders

Question 31

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 31

Caused by dominant allele on autosome only one to express trait

Question 32

Nondisjunction

Answer 32

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Question 33

Biotechnology

Answer 33

Use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms to produce new compounds or perform new functions

Question 34

Genetic Engineering

Answer 34

Modification of genetic material of an organism

Question 35

Transgenic organisms GMOS

Answer 35

TO: Recombinant (altered DNA) received is from another species GMOS: Orgniamss that have received recombinant DNA

Question 36

Clone

Answer 36

Reproductive: Makes identical copy of entire multi-cellular organism Molecular: Makes an exact copy of short piece of DNA

Question 37

Human Genome Project

Answer 37

Goal: Determine nucleotide sequence of all DNA in our entire set of genes

Question 38

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 38

DNA can cut into smaller fragments & separated by gel electrophoresis; technique used to separate charged molecules based on size and charge

Question 39

CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 39

DNA editing uses pieces of guide RNA matching targeted part of host DNA

Question 40

STR

Answer 40

Short tandem repeats

Question 41

Recombinant DNA

Answer 41

DNA that's been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

Question 42

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 42

Recognizes specific locations of DNA & makes cuts

Question 43

DNA Ligase

Answer 43

Permanently joins DNA fragments when sticky ends come together