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DCP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. This is basic sciences of public health.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

What does the Greek work Epi mean?

A

On/Upon

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3
Q

What does the Greek work Demos mean?

A

People

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4
Q

What does the Greek work Logos mean?

A

The Study

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5
Q

This what you call what would be the causes and the factors in understanding the processes behind the occurrence of the disease.

Also called as the “risk-factors”.

A

Determinants

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6
Q

A determinant of Health Events which states that relationship that exists between the number or cases of a particular disease and the size of the population.

A

Frequency

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7
Q

A determinant of Health Events which states that occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person.

A

Pattern

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8
Q

This is what you call a disorder of structure or function in humans especially in one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.

A

Disease

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9
Q

The traditional model for infectious disease.

A

Epidemiologic Triad

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10
Q

Who proposed the Epidemiologic Triad?

A

John Wade Frost (1928)

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11
Q

This is a dynamic interactive element that states that an infectious microorganism or pathogen which exposure to an organism will result in disease through a variety of factors.

A

Agent

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12
Q

AGENTS can be:

A
  • Physical agents
  • Chemical agents
  • Nutrient agents
  • Mechanical agents
  • Social agents
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13
Q

This is a dynamic interactive element that states that this what you call a human who gets the disease. Exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent is influenced by risk factors.

A

Host

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14
Q

HOST is influenced by:

A
  • Demographic characteristics
  • Biological characteristics
  • Socioeconomic characteristics
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15
Q

This is a dynamic interactive element that states that extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure to the host.

A

Environment

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16
Q

ENVIRONMENT extrinsic factors include:

A

Physical environment
Biological environment
Social environment

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17
Q

True or False. Epidemiology will not be able to take place without the presence of disease.

A

True

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18
Q

There is interaction between host, pathogen, and environment.

A

Infectious Disease Model

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19
Q

Multifactorial nature of causation of a particular disease.
Pie as a representation of the different contributing factors as to the development of a disease. It can be used even if it is non-infectious in origin

A

Causal Pies

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20
Q

Who developed Causal Pies?

A

Kenneth J. Rothman (1976)

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21
Q

A type of cause that states individual factor that contributes to cause disease shown as a piece of pie. This is what contributes to the development of the disease.

A

Component Cause

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22
Q

What are some examples of Component Cause?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Stroke
  • Type A personality
  • Heart disease
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23
Q

A type of cause that states component that appears in every pie or pathway wherein without it, disease does not occur.

A

Necessary Cause

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24
Q

What are some examples of Necessary Cause?

A
  • Treponema pallidum
  • Syphilis
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25
Q

A type of cause that shows that it is a complete pie. The causal pathway to the development of a disease.

A

Sufficient Cause

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26
Q

What are some examples of Sufficient Cause?

A
  • Skin contact with a strong acid
  • Burn
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27
Q

This is brought by specific infectious agent that can be directly or indirectly transmitted.

infectious in nature. It develops quickly in individual with a rapid onset and short duration of disease.

A

Communicable Disease

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28
Q

How will communicable diseases transmit directly or indirectly?

A
  • man to man
  • animal to man
  • animal to animal
  • environment to man
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29
Q

This changes of pattern of infectious diseases Discovery of new infections and the possibility that some chronic diseases have an infective origin.

A

Importance of Understanding Communicable Diseases

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30
Q

This cannot be transmitted towards another person. Chronic in nature and slow onset and long duration of disease.

A

Non-Communicable Disease

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31
Q

Sequence of events pertaining to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time. Absence of treatment.

A

Natural History of Disease

32
Q

Stages of Natural History of Disease:

A
  • Stage of susceptibility
  • Stage of Subclinical Disease (Pathologic Changes)
  • Stage of Clinical Disease
  • Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
33
Q

This stage is where individual becomes more prone to develop a disease brought about by various factors due to a higher rate of exposure from the pathogen.

A

Stage of Susceptibility

34
Q

In Stage of Susceptibility, this allow the body to respond accordingly to the presence of pathogen.

A

Exposure to pathogens

35
Q

This stage influence in the physiologic activities of the individual’s body without him/her being aware of them during this time. Pathologic changes already develop
disease is asymptomatic during this stage

A

Stage of Subclinical Disease

36
Q

Type of time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms for infectious diseases.

A

Incubation Period

37
Q

Type of time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms for chronic diseases.

A

Latency Period

38
Q

This stage is where most diagnoses are being made. Validate the existence of an abnormality in the body.

A

Stage of Clinical Disease

39
Q

Range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild to severe or fatal (recovery, disability or death)

A

Spectrum of Diseases

40
Q

Proportion of exposed persons who become infected. Determining how many among the exposed should isolate or quarantine in order to limit the exposure of a disease.

A

Infectivity

41
Q

Proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

A

Pathogenicity

42
Q

Proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal. The potential of a particular agent in terms of counteracting the activity of the body.

A

Virulence

43
Q

This is the stage called end result. Whether he/she recuperates from the condition or will it worsen.

A

Stage of Recovery, Disability or Death

44
Q

This is the result of continuous interaction of the elements and could lead to the transmission of agent from one susceptible host towards another.

A

Chain of Infection

45
Q

What are the 6 components of Infection?

A
  • Infectious/Infecting agent
  • Reservoir
  • Route of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Route of entry
  • Susceptible Host
46
Q

Pathogen. Microorganism that brings forth disease towards the host.

A

Infectious (Infecting) Agent

47
Q

This is a source or “habitat”. Starting point for the occurrence of a communicable disease. Where the agent lives, grows, and/or multiplies.

A

Reservoir

48
Q

There are how many Reservoirs?

A

3 (three): Human Reservoir, Animal Reservoir, & Environmental Reservoir.

49
Q

This type of reservoir is the most common for infectious
diseases Person-to-person and it can be a case or carrier.

A

Human Reservoir

50
Q

A person identified as having the particular disease.

A

Case (Symptomatic)

51
Q

Inapparent infection

A

Carrier (Asymptomatic)

52
Q

This type reservoir has the humans as incidental hosts.

A

Animal Reservoir

53
Q

This what you call an animal to animal transmission. Infectious transmissible under natural (vertebrate animals to humans).

A

Zoonosis

54
Q

This type of reservoir has soil and other inanimate matter.

A

Environmental Reservoir

55
Q

Pathogens leaves its host.

A

Route of Exit

56
Q

This shows how an infectious agent can be spread from host to another.

A

Mode of Transmission

57
Q

Direct transmission:

Ex:

  • Skin-to-skin contact
  • Kissing
  • Sexual Intercourse

are called:

A

Direct Contact

58
Q

Direct transmission:

Ex:

  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Talking

are called:

A

Droplet Spread

59
Q

Indirect transmission:

Ex:

  • Agent is carried by dust or droplet suspended in air.

Called:

A

Airborne

60
Q

Indirect transmission:

Ex:

  • Agent include food, water, biologic products, and fomites.

Called:

A

Vehicles

61
Q

Indirect transmission:

Ex:

  • Agent is carried through mechanical means

Called:

A

Vectors

62
Q

Pathogens enters a susceptible host.

A

Route of Entry

63
Q

This is the final link where the individual potentiates the development of disease.

A

Susceptible Host

64
Q

Scattered about and occurs infrequently and irregularly. Separated widely in time and place.

A

Sporadic Disease

65
Q

This is a type of disease is constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease within a geographic area. Usual or expected frequency of disease

A

Endemic Disease

66
Q

This is a type of disease is persistent, high levels of disease occurrence. A disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.

A

Hyperendemic Disease

67
Q

This is a type of disease is high level of infection beginning early in life, affecting most of the child population.

A

Holoendemic Disease

68
Q

This is a type of disease increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in an area.

A

Epidemic Disease

69
Q

Massively highly case confined in one area

A

Disease Outbreak

70
Q

Aggression of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected

A

Disease cluster

71
Q

Epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents that affects a large portion of the population

A

Pandemic Disease

72
Q

Imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur

A

Exotic Disease

73
Q
  1. Recent increase in amount or virulence
  2. Introduction of the agent into a setting
  3. Enhanced mode of transmission
  4. Change in the susceptibility of the host response to the agent
  5. Increase host exposure or new portals of entry
A

Factors Affecting Increase of Cases

74
Q

Promotion of healthy environmental conditions and prevention of environmental-related disease.

A

Environment, Health and Sanitation (EHS)

75
Q

Study factors in man’s physical environment

A

Environmental Sanitation

76
Q
  1. Water quality surveillance
  2. Evaluation of food establishments
  3. Proper solid and liquid management
  4. Sanitation of public places waste
  5. Sanitation management of disaster areas
  6. Assessment of environmentally critical projects
  7. Enforcement of different sanitation laws, rules, regulations, standards
A

Strategies for environmental sanitation

77
Q

Major programs for environmental sanitation:

A
  1. Health and Sanitation
  2. Water Supply Sanitation
  3. Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Systems
  4. Food Sanitation Program
  5. Hospital Waste Management

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