DD Low tissue injury

Question 1

What is the cause of disease (in an otherwise healthy individual)?

Answer 1

Injury to cells/tissue

Question 2

T or F: Epithelium only arises from the ectoderm.

Answer 2

False. It arises from all three of the germ layers.

Question 3

Most human disease results from injury to what type of tissue?

Answer 3

Epithelium

Question 4

T or F: Injury to one tissue usually has no effect on adjacent tissue.

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

Define hypertrophy.

Answer 5

Increase in cell size

Question 6

Define atrophy.

Answer 6

Decrease in cell size

Question 7

What causes cell atrophy?

Answer 7

Ischemia, loss of endocrine factors, decrease in workload, aging, chronic illness

Question 8

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 8

A dead cell remains a ghost-like remnant of its former self

Question 9

What is pyknosis?

Answer 9

A dark staining and shrunken nucleus

Question 10

What is karyorrhexis?

Answer 10

Fragmentation of a pyknotic nucleus

Question 11

What is karyolysis?

Answer 11

Extensive hydrolysis of pyknotic nucleus with loss of staining

Question 12

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 12

Autolysis of cells caused by release of lysosomal hydrolyses

Question 13

What is caseous necrosis?

Answer 13

Seen in TB, tissue looks white-grey, soft, friable

Question 14

What is fat necrosis?

Answer 14

Leakage of lipase’s from dead cells attack triglycerides in surrounding fat and generate FFA and calcium soaps, chalky white appearance

Question 15

Which cells die the fastest after ischemic injury?

Answer 15

Neurons, 3-5 min

Question 16

T or F: The following are irreversible changes in a cell - 1.) Dec ATP 2.) Dec Na pump/cell swelling 3.) Inc glycolysis 4.) Dec protein synth

Answer 16

False. They are reversible changes.

Question 17

T or F: The following are irreversible changes in a cell - 1.) Activation of lysosomal enzymes 2.) Degradation of DNA 3.) Influx of Ca2+

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

T or F: Oxygen is harmless.

Answer 18

False. Oxygen can generate free radicals, which can be toxic to cells

Question 19

What is Xanthine oxidase?

Answer 19

It is produced from proteolysis during hypoxia, generates free radicals when O2 levels brought back to normal. This is why tourniquet is the last option.

Question 20

List common signs of exertional heat stroke.

Answer 20

Hot, dry skin, lactic acidosis, ATN (acute tubular necrosis), DIC (disseminated intervascular coagulation), organ failure

Question 21

List common signs of classic heat stroke.

Answer 21

Hot, dry skin, respiratory alkalosis, hypotension, coma (NO DIC or ATN)