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DD Unit I > DD Neoplasms > Flashcards

DD Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number, may be associated with increased risk of neoplasia

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

change from one benign differentiated cell type to another, usually in response to injury. May be associated with an increased risk of neoplasia

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

disruption of normal homeostatic mechanisms, unchecked increase in cell number, is a clonal process, altered cell-autonomous and cell-nonautonomous mechanisms

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5
Q

T or F: neoplasia clonality are monoclonal

A

TRUE

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6
Q

T or F: benign neoplasms invade or metastasize

A

false, malignant neoplasms do.

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7
Q

T or F: benign neoplasms cause injury largely by compression/interference in function of adjacent structures

A

TRUE

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8
Q

T or F: malignant neoplasms cause injury by local tissue destruction and distant dissemination and tissue destruction

A

TRUE

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9
Q

T or F: malignant neoplasms are invasive and necrosis is common

A

TRUE

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10
Q

T or F: benign tumors circumscribed/encapsulated and necrosis is common

A

false, they are encapsulated, but necrosis is uncommon

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11
Q

Give 4 characteristics of benign neoplasms

A

well differentiated, low rate of cell turnover, cytologic uniformity, boundary between tumor and adjacent tissue maintained

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12
Q

Give 4 characteristics of malignant neoplasms

A

variable differentiation, high rate of cell turnover, cytologic pleomorphism, loss of boundary between tumor and adjacent tissue

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13
Q

Malignant Epithelial, Mesenchymal, and Hematopoietic neoplasm names

A

Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma/Leukemia respectively

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14
Q

Benign epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm names

A

adenoma/papilloma and osteoma/chondroma/fibroma are some examples respectively

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15
Q

How are benign neoplasms treated?

A

treated by excision/surgical resection

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16
Q

T or F: benign tumors may recur and generally do not progress to malignancy

A

TRUE, but exception is premalignant neoplasms such as colonic adenoma

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17
Q

T or F: there are both genetic and non-genetic factors that affect Cancer

A

TRUE

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18
Q

basic pathobiology of cancer

A

normal cell => DNA damage (hereditary defect) => increased proliferation/decreased apoptosis => clonal expansion => tumor progression => malignant neoplasm => invasion and metastasis

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19
Q

Dysplasia

A

disordered growth, loss of cytologic uniformity, normal histologic maturation, and architectural orientation, hallmark of early premalignant neoplasia

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20
Q

T or F: higher grade tumors are more aggressive and have worse prognosis

A

TRUE

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21
Q

T or F: pre-malignant lesions are seen in carcinomas and myelodysplasia

A

TRUE

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22
Q

T or F: Carcinomas are the only cancer without an In-situ phase

A

Flase, they are the only cancer with this phase

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23
Q

What is Invasion?

A

infiltration of adjacent tissues by malignant cells

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24
Q

What is metastasis?

A

transfer malignant cells from primary site to a non-connected (secondary) site. Metastases are tumors discontinuous with the primary tumor

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25
Q

What is the pre-invasive stage?

A

this is in situ phase, has malignancy features without invasion of basement membrane.

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26
Q

T or F: Malignant tumors are often poorly demarcated from the surrounding normal tisue

A

TRUE

27
Q

Dissemination of cancers occurs through what pathways? (hint-3 ways)

A

1)direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces 2) lymphatic spread 3) hematogenous spread

28
Q

T or F: malignant tumors recognize normal anatomic boundaries

A

FALSE

29
Q

Describe the metastatic cascade (hint- 4 main steps)

A

Invasion through basement membrane and ECM, EMT, Intravasation (getting into blood or lymph vessel), Extravasation (getting out of vessel), MET, and Colonization

30
Q

When do primary tumor metastasize?

A

moves beyond basement membrane when conditions get crowded and harsh (hypoxia and limited nutrients)

31
Q

T or F: primary tumor size is positively related to metastasis

A

TRUE

32
Q

What is the first step for metastasis?

A

Dissociation of cells from one another

33
Q

What glycoprotein holds epithelial cells together and what downregulates them?

A

E-cadherins and ZEB1, respectively

34
Q

E-cadherins are linked to the cytoskeleton by what?

A

catenins

35
Q

Give 4 ways E-cadherin expression is lost

A

loss of heterozygosity, inactivating mutation (rare), silencing of gene expression via hypermethylation of promotor, Transcriptional repressors (Snail, Slug, Twist, ZEB 1/2)

36
Q

What promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT)?

A

repressing E-cadherin

37
Q

T or F: EMT Transition is a normal process during development abused by cancer

A

TRUE

38
Q

What is the 2nd step in invasion?

A

degradation of basement membrane and interstitial connective tissue

39
Q

How do they do the 2nd stage?

A

remodeling basement membrane by releasing ECM growth factors, promoting angiogenesis, or ameboid migration (squeezing through), or using collagen fibers as “high speed railways”

40
Q

What is the 3rd step in invasion?

A

changes in attachment of tumor cells to ECM proteins

41
Q

how does the tumor undergo stage 3?

A

by loss of adhesion and cleavage of basement membrane proteins by MMP (matrix metalloproteases)

42
Q

T or F: Locomotion is the 4th and final step of invasion

A

TRUE

43
Q

4 steps to locomotion

A

protrusion, adhesion, translocation, retraction

44
Q

different types of motility

A

collective, Mesenchymal, Amoeboid

45
Q

What 2 things can destroy a tumor cell?

A

mechanical shear stress, and apoptosis b loss of adhesion

46
Q

T or F: tumor cells aggregate in circulation

A

TRUE

47
Q

T or F: arrest and extravasation of tumor emboli at distant sites involves adhesion to the endothelium

A

TRUE

48
Q

T or F: Overexpression of CD44 (normally on T cells) may favor metastatic spread

A

TRUE

49
Q

What are the theories for metastasis?

A

“Seed and Soil” Theory and anatomic location by getting stuck in cap beds.

50
Q

4 models of metastasis

A

1) caused by rare variant clones from primary tumor 2) gene expression of most cells of primary tumor have metastatic signiture 3) combination of first two 4) greatly influenced by tumor microenvironment which affects angiogenesis, invasiveness , and resistance

51
Q

T or F: petroleum, paper, ship building, chemical industries increase risk for lung cancer

A

TRUE

52
Q

T or F: Boulder has a high rate of breast cancer

A

TRUE

53
Q

T or F: in Africa liver cancer is uncommon and esophogeal cancer is prevalent

A

False, other way around

54
Q

T or F: In US, Liver Cancer is uncommon, but breast, prostate, lung, and colon/rectum cancer are common

A

TRUE

55
Q

T or F: Women have more deaths by cancer than men in the US

A

FALSE

56
Q

T or F: In CO, lifetime risk of cancer is 1 in 2 for men and 2 in five for women

A

TRUE

57
Q

3 most common cancers for men

A

Prostate, lung/bronchus, colon and rectum

58
Q

3 most common cancers for women

A

Breast, lung/bronchus, colon and rectum

59
Q

Miller’s theory of chemical carcinogenesis (3-things)

A

1) chemical carcinogens are metabolized by microsomal enzymes 2) active metabolite is a strong electrophile 3) these can modify protein, DNA, and RNA

60
Q

what chemical carcinogens do not require microsomal activation

A

alkylating agents and acylating agents

61
Q

How does the AMES test work

A

tests chemicals ability to mutagenize. Salmonella test strain needs histidine to grow, when mutagenized it no longer needs histidine supplement to grow and it grows on plate

62
Q

T or F: 90% of chemicals shown to be carcinogenic are mutagens

A

TRUE

63
Q

T or F: a fully differentiated cell can never become malignant

A

TRUE

64
Q

Cancer develops develops in two stages. What are they and which are reversible?

A

1) initiation caused by mutagen, irreversible 2) promotion by non-mutagen. Step is reversible.

DD Unit I (10 decks)

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