Dealing with Offending behaviors: forensics

Question 1

4v ways of dealing with offending behaviours

Answer 1

Custodial sentencing ​

​

Behaviour modification in custody ​

​

Anger management ​

​

Restorative justice

Question 2

Custodial sentencing ​

Answer 2

A punishment decided by a court whereby the person spends time in ‘custody’. ​

E.g: Prison, Young Offenders institute, Psychiatric Hospital​

Question 3

Prison is designed to….

(custodial sentencing)

Answer 3

deter individuals from committing crime again. ​

Question 4

Two levels of Deterrence

name

Answer 4

General: Aimed to send the message to society that crime is not tolerated.​

Individual: Prevents the individuals repeating same offences.​

Question 5

Incapacitation

Answer 5

offender is taken out of society to prevent them reoffending to protect the public. ​

Question 6

Retribution

Answer 6

A way for society to gain revenge, based off the biblical notion of an ‘eye for an eye’. The offender is somewhat paying for their actions. ​

Question 7

Rehabilitation

Answer 7

Prison should provide opportunities for offenders to
-develop skills
- engage with training
-access treatment which will help the prisoner adjust to life on the outside. ​

Question 8

Recidivism

Answer 8

Reoffending, a tendency to relapse a previous condition or mode of behaviour.

Question 9

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CUSTODIAL SENTENCING ​

Answer 9

1.Stress and Depression. Suicide + self-harm much higher in prison​

2.Institutionalism - no longer able to function on outside as so used to routine ​

3.Prisonisation- develop ‘inmate code’, unacceptable behaviour rewarded and encouragement ​

Question 10

Yukhnenko et al, 2019 Research

Answer 10

UK (45%) and USA (60%) have highest recidivism rates (Yukhnenko et al, 2019) ​

Norway (20%) has lowest in Europe as focuses on rehabilitation ​

Question 11

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION ​is based off _____ approach

Answer 11

Behaviourist

Question 12

behaviourist principles of behaviour modification

Answer 12

if human behaviour is learned, it can be unlearned by applying same principles that brought it about in the first place

Question 13

Behaviour modification programmes are designed with the aim of…

Answer 13

reinforcing obedient behaviours in offenders, while punishing disobedience

Question 14

in a token economy, the

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT =

PUNISHMENT =

Answer 14

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = REWARD (TOKEN) ​

PUNISHMENT = REWARD BEING TAKEN AWAY (TOKEN) ​

Question 15

WITHIN THE BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION SYSTEM THE TOKEN ACTS AS .

why

Answer 15

SECONDARY REINFORCERS

they derive their value from their association with a reward

Question 16

REWARDS MAY INCLUDE: ​

(from tokens in token economies)

Answer 16

PHONE CALL TO A LOVED ONE​

TIME IN GYM OR EXERCISE YARD​

EXTRA CIGARETTES OR FOOD ​

Question 17

DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY ​

STEP 1

Answer 17

STEP 1: OPERATIONALISE TARGET BEHAVIOURS ​

TARGET BEHAVIOUR MUST BE OPERATIONALISED BY BREAKING IT DOWN INTO COMPONENT PARTS. ​

Question 18

DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY ​

STEP 2

Answer 18

STEP 2: SCORING SYSTEM ​

PRISONERS AND STAFF MADE AWARE OF A SCORING SYSTEM AND HOW MUCH EACH PARTICULAR BEHAVIOUR IS WORTH. BEHAVIOURS SHOULD BE PLACED IN A HIERARCHY WHERE SOME BEHAVIOURS ARE ‘WORTH’ MORE THAN OTHERS. ​

Question 19

DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY ​

STEP 3

Answer 19

STEP 3: TRAIN STAFF ​

AIM OF TRAINING IS TO STANDARDISE PROCEDURES, SO ALL PRISON STAFF ARE REWARDING THE SAME BEHAVIOURS IN SAME WAY. ​

Question 20

ANGER MANAGEMENT ​

Answer 20

A therapeutic programme that involves identifying the signs that trigger anger, as well as learning techniques to calm down and deal with the situation in a positive way. ​

Question 21

Novaco (1975) suggests that cognitive factors ..

ANGER MANAGEMENT

Answer 21

..trigger the emotional arousal which generally precedes aggressive acts. ​

Question 22

CBT- Anger management programmes.

Answer 22

Recognises cognitive factors which trigger anger and loss of control.
Indiv is then encouraged to develop techniques that bring conflict resolution without the need for violence. ​

Question 23

Stage 1 of anger management

Answer 23

Cognitive preparation ​

-Offender reflects on past experiences.
-Identified situations which trigger anger.
- Therapist to make it clear to the offender when the reaction is irrational.

Question 24

cognitive, psychological, behavioural
techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations more effectively. ​

Anger management

Answer 24

-Examples:

Cognitive

– positive self talk to encourage calmness.

Behavioural

– Assertiveness training to help communication more effectively.

-Physiological
– Relaxation training or meditation.

Question 25

Stage 2 of anger management 

Answer 25

Skills acquisition ​ -Offender introduced to cognitive, behavioural or physiological techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations more effectively. ​

Question 26

Stage 3 of anger management  + examples

Answer 26

Stage 3 - Application practice ​ -Offenders are given the opportunity to practice their skills in a controlled environment. ​ -Example = role play between offender and therapist. ​ -If the offender deals successfully with the role they are given positive reinforcement by the therapist. ​

Question 27

Restorative Justice:

Answer 27

A method that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with survivors.

Question 28

2 people Focuses of restorative justice

Answer 28

1.The survivor of the crime and their recovery 2.The offender and their recovery/rehabilitation process. ​

Question 29

8 key points of restorative justice where how who consequences focus on outcomes

Answer 29

-Trained mediator supervises the meeting.​ -Non-courtroom setting where offenders voluntarily meet with survivors. ​ -Can be face-to-face meeting or conducted remotely via video link. ​ -The survivor is given the opportunity to confront the offender and explain how the crime affected them. ​ -Allows the offender to comprehend the consequences of their actions, including the emotional distress caused. ​ -Important that there is an active rather than passive involvement of all parties in the process wherever possible. ​ -Focuses on positive outcomes for both survivor and offender.​ -Other people may have a role In the process, for example, neighbours, friends and family of the survivor. ​ ​

Question 30

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE COUNCIL

Answer 30

AN INDEPENDENT BODY WHOSE ROLE IS TO ESTABLISH CLEAR STANDARDS FOR THE USE OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND TO SUPPORT SURVIVORS AND SPECIALIST PROFESSIONAL IN THE FIELD.

Question 31

variations of restorative justice

Answer 31

Financial restitution, representing psychological or actual damage done (e.g: break in) Offender repair damage themselves

Question 32

John Braithwaite (2004) quote on restorative justice

Answer 32

'crime hurts, justice should heal' healing + empowerment