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Health Psychology > Death and the Afterlife Midterm > Flashcards

Death and the Afterlife Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

When we think of death

A
  • think of how to avoid it or make it serve life (organ transplant)
  • Death is just a word, abstract
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2
Q

African concept okra

A
  • African reincarnation - death as a “return”
  • Every human possesses an okra, (immaterial part of him given to him by Onyame or God); animals do not possess this (have a sasa)
  • Human dies, okra leaves the body and returns to onyame (God)
  • “expresses the idea that when a man dies he is not (really) dead… there is something that is eternal and indestructible in man”
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3
Q

Myths about Death

A
  • Lizzard: (Africa) - lizzard got there first and told “man” that they were mortal (chameleon was to say they would NOT die):
  • (Indonesian) - God sent stone and a banana, humans chose banana (parent tree dies after it bears fruit), should have chosen stone (changeless, immortal)
  • altho chose the banana (signified death), it seems that we would like to have both, human life and eternal life after death.
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4
Q

Death as Irrational to Humans

A

Death as absurd element of life; stories about death are primal stories, to human beings , death seems irrational, futile and meaningless

We try to find meaning in death when we look at death; therefore the stories about death are about trying to find meaning in life

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5
Q

Death as Transformation

A
  • to next world - many religions think this
  • greatest change in our life - matter to spirit
  • symbol of life transformations (death of marriage, of relationship)
  • “Born again Christianity” - death of old self
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6
Q

Sannyasin

A

Ritual death - Hinduism - renounce all (family, possesions, personal history) and considered legally dead, then follow path to liberation

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7
Q

Death as Loss

A
  • Loss of
    • influence of that person on our life (the ones left behind)
    • “loss of life”
    • relationships with others
  • base alot on attachments so feel our own loss more than other’s
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8
Q

Our own death as loss…what?

A
  • ability to engage in bodily relationships, the relationships we experience with our eyes, ears, with tangible things
  • self which is interconnected with the self of others
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9
Q

Ancestor Veneration

A
  • live in memory of ancestors, need someone else to tell the story of our death
  • complete someone’s life by remembering story of their death
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10
Q

Non-physical causes sickness/death in primal religions

A
  • soul-loss
  • spirit possession
  • intrusion of a disease spirit
  • spirit attack
  • violation of taboos
  • successful healing means a focus on the “immaterial”, spiritual aspect of the body because physical illness is a symptom of the soul’s ailment (PRIMAL)
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11
Q

Death Rituals (meaning)

A
  • to reaffirm a continued relationship with the one who dies (funerals affirm continuity)
  • way in which we understand what it means to be a person in life and death
  • cultural constructions - tell us where the person is after death, their status, how community regards physical body, type of transformation upon death
  • to comfort the ones left behind
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12
Q

NDE of Soldier on Battlefield

A
  • Saw himself from “40 feet overhead”
  • Felt as if in 2 places at once - dead and alive
  • Comes “back” and hears ppl say he isn’t dead
  • the crucial aspect is that the individual has returned to the world as a living witness of their own death
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13
Q

Psych. & Biol. Response to NDE

A
  • Psych: emotional response to shock / trauma of death; fantasy/wish-fulfillment in face of death; mythological archetypes buried in brain that surface
  • Biological:
    • ​metabolic disturbance
    • endorphins
    • limbic lobe seizure
    • drug overload
    • visual cortex hyperactivity
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14
Q

Taphephobia

A
  • Fear of being buried alive
  • Had “safety coffins” with bells or other ways to “get out”
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15
Q

Death as a Process (transformation)

A
  • Death is an event: beginning of preparations to dispose of the body
  • Movement from alive to dead is a lot vaguer than distinguishing between something that is already dead and one that is live
  • is death about the “essence of life”? If so, if the essence is gone is the person dead?
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16
Q

Person has 2 aspects

A
  • Person has 2 basic aspects: the visible material body and the immaterial particularities of that body (ALL CULTURES)
  • Dichotomy between body & soul / body & mind connector b/w all religions we study
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17
Q

Harvard Criteria Irreversible Coma

A
  1. Unreceptivity and unresponsiveness
  2. No movement or breathing
  3. No reflexes
  4. Flat EEG - no electrical brain activity

Does this ignore Veatch’s definition which emphasizes the physical & social processes of life?

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18
Q

Veatch Definition Death

A

4 types of loss to signify death: Loss of:

  1. Flow of Vital fluids, heartbeat and breathing
  2. Soul from Body
  3. Capacity for Bodily Integration (can’t regulate own vital activities - brain death)
  4. Capacity for Social Interaction (no “higher brain functions” (need to define for ethics - life support, transplants)

So focus on loss of physical body functions

Others focus on loss of “personhood” (Descartes: essential “me” - the immaterial soul, thinking being

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19
Q

Mind/Body Problem

A
  • How can that which is immaterial be connected to that which is material?
  • Corazza: body has no physical boundaries - indefinite entity
  • Wierzbicka: person has an immaterial counterpart which def’n varies among cultures (re interpretation of the “soul”)
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20
Q

Yombe (Zambia) definition of birth

A
  • child becomes a “person” through ritual, not birth - person when socially accepted in group
  • (if die before the ritual not person)
  • womb - house (belongs to community) / grave - house
  • Naming establishes a bond between person to person and person to animal, which in turn makes it harder to harm that being
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21
Q

Death and the Warao Indians

A
  • corpse is buried in a dugout canoe (womb)
  • death: work of the dark-shaman - supplies souls to feed the spirits of the dead
  • only the shamans, master craftsmen, basket-weavers and hammock makers are guaranteed immortal afterlife, rest are food for spirits of underworld
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22
Q

Death and Gurun People

A
  • mother’s family provide white shroud for body (harmony between 2 sides of family)
  • Body cremated, soul in underworld, rescued by Paju shaman, food offered to soul in underworld
  • Soul enters pigeon that visits everyone, eats, says good-bye; pigeon released, soul released from underworld
  • Ghyabre Shaman leads soul to land of ancestors
  • Gurung death rites emphasize death as momen for reconciliation and harmony
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23
Q

Death and the Dogon

A
  • death of one person = death of community
  • death = tear in social fabric, community to heal
  • believe in 8 souls - some go to God, some become ancestors
  • life (warmth) in contrast to death (cold)
  • dance ritual transforms the spirit into ancestor
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24
Q

Birth/Death Social Constructs

A
  • some religions do not believe that death is the end therefore birth and death lie on a continuum
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25
Q

Mother Goddess

A

Symbol for Fertility

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26
Q

Ancient Burials

A
  • Neandrethal grave: tools in the burial for support, as travel through the spirit world
  • Pollen at burial site - proof that flowers were lain at burials back then?
  • Cro-magnon - enclosed dead in block structure
  • Shaman of Trois Freres: animal ritual
  • Inanna: ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility, procreation, war
  • Isis: Egyptian Mother-Goddess
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27
Q

Worldview Primal Religions

A
  1. Spiritualization of surrounding world - elements of external world have power
  2. Belief in all-embracing connections in nature
  3. Humans not superior to other life forms
  4. Cosmos is accessible - shamans, dreamers
  5. Religion - form of social consciousness
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28
Q

Indigenous Worldview

A
  1. Duality of Universe - visible (senses) / invisible (spirit power)
  2. Duality of the Person - material (body) / immaterial (soul)
  3. Social Function of Religion
  • Shaman can access the spirit power of invisible world and mediate between both
  • humans not separate from natural world
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29
Q

Soul in Montheistic Religions

A
  • aspect of person that is metaphysical, entirely beyond physical world
  • unitary, undying essence of a person
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30
Q

Primal View of Souls - 5

A

PRIMAL VIEW SOULS!! key!

  • have many souls
  • souls are mobile / somewhat material
  • shaman can see souls
  • soul leaves body at death
  • soul can be harmed, get sick
  • soul not necessarily eternal (Guajiro one dies)
  • 2ND death (grave soul to beetle then 3rd death when beetle dies THEN disappear)
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31
Q

Guajiro Soul

A
  • fluffy, hazy, partially visible
  • separate from body, moves around in dreams
  • can interact with spirits of the dead
  • can be lost or injured - if lost soul found by shaman they live, if not they die
  • soul of dead live in Jepira
  • survives after death but not eternal, does die
  • everything that happens in our dreams happens to our soul
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32
Q

Nanai soul

A
  • 3 souls
    • ​bird soul (child)
    • adult soul (small man)
    • body soul remains at burial place after death
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33
Q

Greek View of Soul

A

GREEK VIEW OF SOUL: KEY

Soul as eternal essence of intelligence and consciousness, material body was like a prison from which soul is released at death

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34
Q

Essenes

A
  • Essenes: rejected resurrection of body (followed Greek concept of body as useless and soul as immortal)
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35
Q

Ob Ugrins’ and Tibetan Soul

A

Ob Ugrin: 4 Souls

  • shadow soul - haunts the burial place
  • life-force soul - lives on crown of head
  • dreaming soul - lives in forest as wood grouse
  • last one for reincarnation

Tibetan

  • 5 or 6 souls - live different parts of the body, worshipped externally as separate beings
  • at death - separate from body, bodiless existence in spirit world
36
Q

long pole ceremony

A

Long Pole

  • signifies connection between upper and lower worlds
  • adorned with things for the deceased to take on their journey

Paju shaman: recalls soul from underworld and removes all evil spirits

Ghyabre shaman: brings soul to land of ancestors - avoids being “followed back” by the soul - can be reborn or stay with dead

37
Q

African view death/immortality

A
  • life and death given by the Creator
  • once life given, death (wicked) must follow
  • African religions view death as a journey from one world to another one of spirits – possibility of continued communication between living and dead
  • death gives greater meaning to life by prolonging it on the spiritual plane
38
Q

Flooding Nile significance

A
  • flooding of nile: triumph of life over death (greening of land)
  • Great empires built along the rivers where land fertile
39
Q

Toraja Death Rituals

A

TORAJA

  • Funeral Season (social event)
  • eating, drinking, carnival, bamboo stadium
  • toursit attraction - see the rituals
  • mile long jog to burial place with statue of deceased (if wealthy)
  • soul goes to land of the souls
  • ancestors in dreams, ask for special meal
  • statue respected or might get sick
  • statue up mountain side and put with others
  • long red cloth: shows way to land of ancestors
40
Q

Shaman of Trois Freres

A

Cave painting from Dordogne France 13,000 – 11,000 BCE. Shamans, such as this individual, practiced animal rituals to promote a good hunt and to prevent spiritual revenge from the animal.

41
Q

Egyptian Gods (1)

A
  • Thoth - Ibis headed god of wisdom - marks the judgment in the book
  • Sekhmet - lion- headed goddess of war
  • Horus - Sun God, born to Isis from dead husband’s body parts - presents person to Osiris if make it (if heart light enough)
  • Re or Ra: Egyptian God of the Sun
  • Fused with Amun - Amun-Ra
  • Scarab: rising sun
42
Q

Egyptian Gods (2)

A
  • Osiris: God of underworld (his story we find rsurrection of body and land beyond death) - murdered by Seth (brother), thrown in Nile,
  • Nun: God of primordial ocean waters
  • Anubis: leads you into Judgment Hall to have heart weighed
  • Maat: Goddess of truth / order (feather)
  • Geb: Earth God
  • Nut: Sky Goddess
  • Shu: God of Air, Empty Space
43
Q

Mummification Justification

A
  • Resurrection of Osiris: If Isis and Nephthys could bring Osiris’ parts back together the Pharaohs could also be brought back to life.
44
Q

Theory of Persons (4) (Egyptians)

A
  • Material body: living body/corpse/mummy
  • Immaterial soul:
    • Ka (vital life force, born with person, spirit double)
    • Ba (animating spirit that leaves on death, depicted as a bird
  • Name: represents unique spirit & personality
  • Shadow/Shade: gholst-like figure associated with the tomb (hangs around tomb)
45
Q

Deceased Statue Egypt

A
  • Ka soul - offerings made to statue - Ka is the capacity for action, will, spirit
  • Ba soul depicted as human-headed bird (leaves body at death, return to body in dream) - exit in tomb for him to come and go
46
Q

Egyptian Funeral Rites

A
  • mummified to ensure that the body remains to house the 4 aspects of the person (Osiris was the archetypal mummy - first one)- dead person referred to as “an Osiris”
  • Ritual “Opening of the Mouth” - enliven mummy so it can eat, talk and live in next world (done by priest in Anubis mask)
  • left heart in when mummified, thought people think with their heart not brain
  • evil-doers cremated (rendered non-existant)
47
Q

Book of the Dead

A
  • spells, rites to be performed
  • also called: Books of Going Out Into the Day
  • spells are put on the coffins of deceased
  • ensure peson not bound to darkness
  • was available to everyone
48
Q

Egyptian View of Afterlife

A

EGYPTIAN AFTERLIFE

  • NOT an apocalypse, no cataclysmic end
  • each person faces judgment Hall of Osiris
  • In death perfect body with no flaws
  • Have your Ka when come back to life
  • First, only noblemen had chance of happiness in the afterlife
  • Later, anyone who could afford to do the mummification could have chance to reach Kingdom of Osiris
49
Q

Egyptian Afterlife (brief)

A

EGYPTIAN AFTERLIFE: KEY

  • life continues after death
  • it’s a real life of coming and going
  • IF all rituals performed correctly (offerings, mummification, etc.)
  • ALSO must be pure, free from wrongdoing
  • If sinner: complete annihilation (Ammit)
  • KEY: good conduct in life
50
Q

Pyramid Texts

A
  • spells carved on the walls of burial chambers (tombs) of the pyramids at Giza
  • incantations say that death is an illusion
  • shows 3 possilbe destinations in afterlife:
    • among stars
    • with sun god Ra
    • In Kingdom of Osiris (underworld)
51
Q

Review of Egyptian texts

A
  1. Pyramid Texts (2500 BCE) - 3 possible destinations for dead ruler (only noblemen)
  2. Coffin Texts (2000 BCE) - (Middle Kingdom time) democratization of the afterlife - on inside lid of the coffins and on walls in tombs, spells from Book of the Dead
  3. Going out Into the Day texts (Book of the Dead) 1550 BCE, translation of the Ani Papyrus (emphasis on judgment and eternal life in Kingdom of Osiris)
52
Q

Judgment Hall / Day

A
  1. Anubis leads person in - heart weighed
  2. 42 judges hear the “negative confession”
  3. Heart weighed against a feather of Maat (represents truth and order)
  4. If light as feather - go to Aaru (Osiris guardian of gates of Aaru), if heavy with sin then heart devoured by Goddess Ammit (Eater of the Dead with crocodile head)

2nd death was what was feared - total annihilation - had to be “absoutely pure” - shows purity conduct good moral behavior in life

53
Q

Kingdom of Osiris

A
  • field of reeds, bushes
  • given land to work
  • no bad luck, life is smooth
  • aristocrats still live large in underworld -relaxing in shade, not working
54
Q

Shabti

A

Shabti are:

  • Small statues of servants to do the work in the afterlife
  • carved totems that accompany the dead into the spirit world
  • serve that individual
55
Q

Mesopotamian Gods/Goddesses

A
  • Ishtar - goddess of fertility and life
  • Marduk: ruler of the gods - created the world and human beings
  • Tiamat: Goddes of chaos, primordeal creation
56
Q

Mesopotamian Creation Story

A
  • universe created when Marduk (order, light) conquers Tiamat (Dragon - darkness, chaos)
  • Order must triumph over chaos or nothing will survive
  • mankind created from mix of blood of sacrificed god and clay/earth (divinity and clay / spirit and matter)
57
Q

Mesopotamian View of Afterlife

A

MESOPOTAMIAN AFTERLIFE: KEY

  • Life itself (NOT afterlife) is where the pleasure, goodness, joy, respect, honor, was
  • death: clay part person becomes inanimate bones, god part a ghost / shade (NOT spirit or a soul)
  • ghost to underworld, serve gods, NO RETURN
  • Everyone goes there: rich, poor, good , bad
  • NOTE: shade could be benevolent & help family or malevolent; capable of knowing what happens to their remains & if rituals were performed in honour of them.
58
Q

Gilgamesh search for immortality

A

MESOPOTAMIA

  • Gilgamesh disguises himself (was King), goes to bar for advice - barmaid (goddess disguised) recognizes him and tells him to enjoy life as it is now while he is alive; immortality the work of the living (e.g. bearing children & other legacies leave behind)
59
Q

Jewish Scrolls

A
  • Tefillin and mezzuzah
  • Tefillin: contains scrolls from the Torah (1st 5 books of Hebrew bible)
60
Q

Hebrew Covenant

A
  • Hebrew God holds people of Israel exclusively bound to him by a sacred covenant
61
Q

Jewish Ceation Story

A
  • “let there be light”
  • Adam and Eve story - clears the earth (Noah’s floods) but still not right - scattered people all over world, diff. languages as punishment for arrogance of Eve
  • Chooses Abraham - forefather of Judeism, Christianity and Islam
62
Q

Abrahamic Covenant

A
  • Abraham promises God he will be the father of nations and kings and is told that Caanan will be there - promised land
  • In return: they will worship only him and keep his commandment
  • circumcision is the outward mark of the covenant
  • Abraham seen as formless & transcendent (YHWH) - even unpronouncable; unnamable has no limits / can’t be named
63
Q

Judaism and definiton of death

A
  • going out of the Ruah (life breath) and Nefesh (soul)
  • or, God taking away the nefesh
64
Q

Judaism and ancestor worship

A
  • all cults of dead/spirits rejected by Jews
  • won’t regard ancestors as spirits to call on for help
65
Q

Water as Jewish Ritual of Purification

A
  • Mosaic law: after or before touch a deceased person or leaving cemetary, before meal with bread or matzah (Jesus’ desciples observed eating without doing this so criticized), waking up, before prayer
  • compare to Christian baptism: ritual of purification
  • Jesus preached that being righteous was due to a pure heart and not merely rituals
66
Q

significance crucifixion

A
  • demonstrate that Jesus shared in deepest form of suffering human can endure
  • ultimate sacrifice to redeem mankind from sin and death
  • death is denied the ultimate victory - the body, which will be resurrected, whole person from mortal to immortal being but NOT reconstituting physical body
67
Q

Jesus / The Trinity

A

God as:

  1. transcendent creator (Father)
  2. entering into creation in form of Jesus (Son)
  3. God as divine energy/power that inspires prophets (Holy Spirit)
68
Q

Jesus Rises - significance

A
  • rise and appear to disciples with message that he would return again to defeat his enemies
  • his followers accepted him as the Messiah (not the Sadducees)
69
Q

Jewish View of Afterlife

A

All the Mesopotamian cultures around them worshipped both the sky gods and the Ancestors but the early Hebrew tribes turned away from ancestor worship, worshipped only the one God; believed that everyone who died went down to Sheol as a ghost, cut off from God

70
Q

Sheol

A
  • The place of the dead, never return
  • cut off from God
  • death is final end to life, inescapable
  • forbidden to engage in “communication with the dead” (King Saul tries to do this through a “medium”) as against God’s laws of obedience; as if dead had divine power = God (NO)
  • continuation of person in a devitalised form where they proceed to Sheol
71
Q

Jewish Nature of Person

A
  • person not regarded as of duality but only as animations of God’s breath and clay. The body returns back to Earth and the breath of God’s returns to God. The identity of the “death person or shade”, remains like a “death-breath” that goes to place of the Dead.
  • SO JEWS NO DUALITY OF PERSON
72
Q

Hebrew biblical view of person

A
  • Early: body and God’s breath of life; upon death body goes back to the earth and the breath goes back to God but the “Person” goes to Sheol as a devitalized ghost and were cut off from God PLUS NO RESURRECTIION
  • Later: body goes back to earth and eternal soul continues (influced by Dualism); PLUS now YES RESURRECTION (Daniel 12) - to ensure justice for the “good” oppressed people, punishment for wicked rulers and guaranteed contact with God for martyrs
73
Q

Jewish burial rites

A
  • corpse buried as soon as possible
  • body returned in the form it is given
  • shroud - little interference with return to earth (Tahara) - preparation of body
  • tear in clothes to symbolize grief/mourning
  • Shiva - mourning period (7 days)
74
Q

Summary: Jewish View Afterlife

A
  • Belief in: Resurrection, Age to come, God’s judgment, Immortal soul,
  • No systematized dogmatic scheme that applies to everyone
  • Life and how to live it well in preparation for death is our business
  • Details of what happens after death is God’s business
75
Q

Sadducees/Pharisees

A
  • Saducees: wealthy priestly aristocrats, rejected idea of resurrection, spirits, angels
  • Pharisees: compete with Saducees for control over temple rituals - did accept Book of Daniel (not in 1st 5 books) and idea resurrection
76
Q

Resurrection Views (2)

A
  1. apocalyptic view: wicked will be destroyed and the good inherit the earth (carried forth by Pharisees)
  2. Eschatological (studies of end times) view: divine reward/punishment will come at end of time, the end of human history (Heaven and Hell) not so for Judaism as no specifics re the “end of time”
  3. First clear biblical references to resurrection is in the book of Daniel (doctrine of resurrection)
  4. The concept of resurrection is a crucial aspect of Jewish faith because it supports the idea of God’s justice
77
Q

Original Sin and Death

A
  • Christians inherit Jewish idea of original sin separating people from God, bringing death
  • Jesus as “2nd Adam” - can be reborn as a child of God (as Jesus was) - communion with God is available collectively to all - new beginning and “born again” through baptism
  • Death as enemy in New Testament - counter to God’s creation
  • Defeat death through resurection as God denied the body
78
Q

Resurrection of Body/Disembodied Soul

A
  • don’t conform to each other
  • held together in Christianity and Judaism
  • If no resurrection and only an immortal soul then Death has won the body
  • different views of what soul did between death and resurrection
  • If body and soul are two separate entities, how will they be judged when they come before God? Is it the soul that sins or the body? They will be brought back together and judged as one
79
Q

What is Hell

A
  • Early: exclusion from fellowship with God
  • Modern: loss of meaning of one’s life
  • idea of loving a God who condemns people to eternal torture causes issues (no eternity we can think of is beyond reach of God’s mercy)
80
Q

Maimonedes Doctrine Double Dying

A
  • 1st death – body returns to earth, soul departs
  • Messiah comes, then the resurrected body is joined with soul to face judgement and the good will live on a perfect earth
  • 2nd death - soul goes on to spiritual immortality
81
Q

Kabalah

A
  • God creates 10 vessels to transmit his divine qualities; some vessels shatter and scatter throughout cosmos
  • task: restore harmony and redeem the world by following God’s commandments
  • soul has an infinite amount of reincarnation(s) to become one with God
  • Mysticism is the striving force of returning souls to home (God).
82
Q

Purgatory

A
  • intermediate state between heaven and hell
  • for soul not pure enough for direct route to Heaven and not bad enough for hell
  • suffer to purify them of their sins
  • purgatory = purificaiton
  • in the pain and recognition of our imperfections we are purified
83
Q

Fravashi

A
  • Zoroastrian figure
  • every person has one
  • spiritual double that serves as conscience, moral guide and benefactor
  • Fravashi of dead can communicate with living
84
Q

Zulu burial

A

Zulu: bury dead in squat / embryo position and niche put body in is called a “naval”

85
Q

Yoruba view immortality

A

Yoruba: person is reincarnated BUT still lives in afterlife and keeps their identity

86
Q

Jewish view of a “Just God”

A
  • apocalyptic thinking
  • persecuted for following their faith so believe in “just God”- will reward those who followed or who were martyred for following

Health Psychology (6 decks)

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