Decision Making 2

Question 1

What are event boundaries?

Answer 1

Physical boundaries (doorways) and scenarios (before/after an exam) define separate events in episodic memory: event boundaries

• We forget items immediately after crossing an event boundary
  (doorway effect)

Question 2

What disciplines make up Neuroeconomics?

Answer 2

1. Neuroscience
2. Economics
3. Psychology

Question 3

What are Illusory correlations?

Answer 3

• Linking two co-occurring events and assuming a relationship
• An illusory correlations if outcomes are over-emphasized
• Wearing a “Lucky” jersey when your sport team plays because they won
  last time you wore it

Question 4

What is the Gambler’s fallacy?

Answer 4

We assume outcomes are linked when they are random

• A coin flip lands heads three times in a row.
• What are the odds that it will be heads on the next toss
• 50-50, but there is a misperception that a ’tails’ must be coming

Question 5

What is the The hot-hand belief?

Answer 5

“hot streak of luck”

Question 6

What is the Post-mortem technique?

Answer 6

Look ahead at challenges that could cause failure
* Create a plan to navigate those challenges

Question 7

What is Inductive reasoning?

Answer 7

Concrete form of reasoning
* Making general conclusions from specific observations

(used in language learning)

Question 8

What is Deductive reasoning?

Answer 8

• Using general theories to reason about
  specific observations

Question 9

What are Syllogisms?

Answer 9

• Premises are presumed to be true
• Determine if the premise statements support the conclusion based on the logical structure not content
• Major premise (general)
• Minor premise (specific)
• Conclusion (test)

Question 10

What is Validity in Syllogisms?

Answer 10

Is the conclusion true given the premises’ logical form?

(not same thing as the truth)

Question 11

Explain the three types of syllogisms:
1. All statements
2. Negative statements
3. Some statements

Answer 11

1. All statements
   *All men are mortal
   * Socrates is a man
   * Therefore, Socrates is a mortal
2. Negative statements
   * All psychology professors have PhDs
   * No PhD holders are human
   * Therefore, psychology
   professors are not human
3. Some statements
   * No provinces with coastlines
   are provinces that are
   landlocked
   * Some provinces are are
   landlocked
   * Therefore, some provinces are
   not states with coastlines

Question 12

What is the Atmosphere effect in syllogisms?

Answer 12

• People rate a conclusion as valid when the qualifying word (e.g., ‘all,’ ‘some’) in the premise match those in the conclusion

Question 13

What is the Mental model theory?

Answer 13

People construct mental simulations of the world based on statements (e.g., syllogisms) to judge logic and validity

Question 14

What is the Omission bias?

Answer 14

Which is more immoral?
1. A person who accidentally sets fire to a building
2. A person who sees a fire in a building but does not bother to report it.

People tend to react more to strongly to harmful actions (1) than to harmful inactions (2)

Question 15

What happens with Ventromedial prefrontal lesions?

Answer 15

• Less emotional response leads to more utilitarian response

Question 16

What happens when High-functioning autism and reasoning?

Answer 16

• Differences in emotional processing leads to more utilitarian response

Question 17

What happens when Positive emotion induction and reasoning?

Answer 17

Healthy individuals with heightened positive mood are more likely to use utilitarian response.

Question 18

What is the belief bias in syllogisms

Answer 18

Both are invalid; but people are more likely to judge (1) as valid as compared to (2) because it is hard to imagine students as millionaires

Question 19

What is Conditional Reasoning?

Answer 19

“If P then Q” statements where P is the antecedent and Q is the consequence
* How to test if the conditional statement “If it is raining, I will get wet” is valid?

• What happens if Q is true? If I am wet, is it raining?
• What happens if P is false? If it isn’t raining, am I wet?
• What happens if Q is false? If I am not wet, is it raining?

Question 20

What is Wason’s task in Conditional reasoning?

Answer 20

Card thing

Question 21

What is the return trip effect?

Answer 21

Time judged returning on a route (now familiar) is rated as shorter than initial route