Decision Making Flashcards
(51 cards)
dual process theory definition
there there are 2 distinct ways/dichotomous ways of thinkign:
i.e. reason v emotion or human v animal thought
what does modern theory regarding decision making look at
doesnt contrast reason/emotion
looks at INTITUIVE and REASON-BASED thought processes
Old Type 1 Caterogizations (10)
autonomous fast parallel affect-laden contextualized associative evolved early similar to animals bias non-concious
Old Type 2 Caterogizations (10)
requires working memory slow serial affect-free abstract rule based evolved late only humans normative concsious
old catergoies of type 1/2 that have evidences
type 1= is autonomous
type 2- requires working memory
old caterogies of type 1/2 with SOME evidence
type 1= is fast and parallel
type 2= is slow and serial
which old categories of type 1 and 2 are 100% wrong
- evolved late/early
- restricted to humans/nonhumans
- normative/biased
- non-conscious/conscious
where is working memory localised
pre-frontal cortex
what is working memory
stores information from short term procsses and then writes it into long-term memory
(from temporrary storage to information manipulation to focused attention)
revised concepts of type 1 and type 2 thought processes
type 1= input to ouput (reactionary); more like a ‘computer’ network
type 2= storage + processing + working memory
what is probabilistic reasoning
using logic and probability to handle uncertain situations.
An example of probabilistic reasoning is using past situations and statistics to predict an outcome.
who were Tversky and Kahneman and what did they do
behavioural economists who used the linda experiment blurb to understand probablitistic reasoning and developed the conjunction rule
Linda Experiment Blurb
Participants were given a blurb about linda’s background (grew up in a socio-economic poor condition) ann then asked if she was more likely to be a bank teller
or a bank teller active in a feminist movement
results of Linda Experiment
80% of people believed it was more plausible for linda to be both a bank teller and active in a feminist movevement
this is problematic reasonining as due to the conjuncture rule; she can’t be more one than the other as they are both within the same caterogy
Kahnemanns argument about linda
argued that people used a ‘short cut’ to answer questions based on associating her past experiences
‘thinking fast and slow’
what is the conjunction rule
Calculates the probability of two (or more) events BOTH happening.
When the events are independent of each other, P(B given A)=P(B) and this conjunction rule reduces to the restricted one
Deneys 2006 Experiment aim
revised Kahnemans experiment to see if the 2 responses fit better into Type 1 or Type 2 thinking
Deneys 2006 Experiment Process
looked at the TAPPING response speed of the participants in revised Linda Experiment
lowered the working memory load when patients were occupied with the tapping tasks; so more time was spent thinking
Deneys 2006 Experiment Findings
less time for workin memory tow work results in FASTER INCORRET responses
Slower responses when occupied with secondary tasks provised correct answer to question
What is deductive reasoning
a form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from 2 presmises
uses syllogisms
example of a syllogism
‘Socrates is a man; all men are mortal. Socrates is a mortal’
Who studied deductive reasoning
Evans, Barston and Pollard
Deneys
Goel and Dolan
Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task Aim and Method
Logical Validity Task: whether logical validity (conclusion) follows the premises to the believability of a conclusion
studied syllogisms by showing participants in a study 4 syllogisms:
- valid and believable= correct statetment
- valid and unbelievable= correct statetmen
- invalid but believable= incorrect statetmen
- invalid and unbelieable= incorrect statetmen
Findings of Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task
- valid and believable= 84% correct answers
- valid and unbelievable= 56% correct answers
- invalid but believable= 71% correct answers
- invalid and unbelieable= 10% correct answers
