Decision Making in Value Issue

Question 1

similar to the two faces of a coin

Answer 1

Ethical dilemma

Question 2

importance needs to be given to two equally desirable and undesirable outcomes

Answer 2

Ethical dilemma

Question 3

a situation in which an individual is compelled to choose between two actions that will affect the welfare of a sentient being

Answer 3

Ethical dilemma

Question 4

identify actions to choose from in an ethical dilemma

Answer 4

• both actions are reasonably justified as being good,
• neither action is readily justified as being good,
• or the goodness of the actions is uncertain

Question 5

discusses an ethical issue to bring out solutions and check the pros and cons, where each alternative action is justified according to the view of ethical practice

Answer 5

Ethical dilemma

Question 6

give Quick tests in resolving an ethical dilemma

Answer 6

Legal test Stench test Frontpage test Mom (parent) test

Question 7

The Five Rs Approach to Ethical Nursing Practice

Answer 7

Read
Reflect
Recognize
Resolve
Respond

Question 8

a philosophical-normative, prescriptive theory

Answer 8

Ethical Egoism

Question 9

“everyone ought to act in my self-interest”

Answer 9

Individual form

Question 10

“I ought to act in my own self-interest, but make no claims about what anyone else ought to do

Answer 10

Personal form

Question 11

“everyone should always act in their own self-interest”

Answer 11

universal form

Question 12

most commonly held version of ethical egoism

Answer 12

Universal form

Question 13

similarities of 3 forms of Ethical Egoism

Answer 13

person acts to their own self interest

no moral obligation for anyone else

Question 14

self

Answer 14

=egoism

Question 15

everyone concerned

Answer 15

Utilitarianism

Question 16

maintains that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good (or happiness) for everyone concerned

Answer 16

Utilitarianism

Question 17

everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good over bad for everyone affected by the act

Answer 17

ACT UTILITARIANISM

Question 18

everyone should follow the rule/s that will bring about the greatest number of good consequences for all concerned

Answer 18

RULE UTILITARIANISM

Question 19

Utilitarianism principal architects were

Answer 19

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Question 20

General challenge for utilitarianism

Answer 20

The end justifies the means.

Question 21

Problems with consequentialist theories

Answer 21

demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules

Question 22

demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules

virtually impossible to accomplish.

true or false

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Do consequences or ends constitute all of morality?

Answer 23

Problems with consequentialist theories

Question 24

Care ethics aka

Answer 24

“feminist ethics”

Question 25

established by?

Answer 25

Carol Gilligan

Question 26

what was her book?

Answer 26

In a Different Voice

Question 27

what does feminist ethics indicate

Answer 27

Men and women think quite differently when it comes to ethics.

Question 28

Men's moral attitudes have to do with

Answer 28

- justice, - rights, - competition, - being independent, - living by rules.

Question 29

Women's moral attitudes have to do with

Answer 29

- generosity, - harmony, - reconciliation, - working to maintain close relationships.

Question 30

Kohlberg agrees but concludes that

Answer 30

women's ethical reasoning is inferior to men's.

Question 31

Heinz dilemma how did Kohlberg interpret the situation?

Answer 31

- The boy had a clear understanding of the situation. | - The girl's understanding of the situation was weak.

Question 32

Heinz dilemma how did Gilligan interpret the situation?

Answer 32

- The boy and girl were answering different questions. - The girl thought in terms of caring. =Men and women should consider both views of ethics.

Question 33

what are you going to Read about?

Answer 33

ethical philosophies, approaches, and the Code of Ethics for Nurses.

Question 34

what are you going to Reflect on?

Answer 34

``` one’s egocentric attachments— values, intentions, motivations, and attitudes. ```

Question 35

what should you recognize?

Answer 35

ethical bifurcation (decision) points, whether they are obvious or obscure.

Question 36

what should be your resolve?

Answer 36

develop and practice intellectual and moral virtues.

Question 37

how should you respond to persons and situations?

Answer 37

deliberately and habitually with intellectual and moral virtues.

Question 38

pinaglalaban ng ACT UTILITARIANISM

Answer 38

one cannot establish rules in advance to cover all situations and people because they are all different

Question 39

give 3 difficulties with ACT UTILITARIANISM

Answer 39

- It is very hard to ascertain what would be good consequences for others - impractical to have to begin anew with each situation, to decide what would be moral in that situation. - nearly impossible to educate the young or the uninitiated to act morally if they can be given no rules or guides to follow.

Question 40

pinaglalaban ng RULE UTILITARIANISM

Answer 40

there are enough similar human motives, actions, and situations to justify setting up rules that will apply to human beings and situations.

Question 41

give 3 difficulties with RULE UTILITARIANISM

Answer 41

- It is difficult to determine what would be good consequences for others. - It is difficult to see how rule utilitarians can be sure that they can create a rule that will truly and always bring about the greatest good for all concerned. - It is difficult to avoid making so many exceptions to rules that the rules cannot really function effectively.

Question 42

Heinz Dilemma Gilligan posed that

Answer 42

=men and women’s views of ethical values are considered different but are equally valid

Question 43

each individual must access the situation to figure out which act would bring about the greatest good or amount of consequences and the least amount of consequences

Answer 43

act utilitarianism

Question 44

give example of act utilitarianism

Answer 44

deciding whether telling the truth is the right thing to do at this situation at this time

Question 45

give example of rule utilitarianism

Answer 45

rather than discerning wether or not to kill someone you form a rule "never kill unless for self defense"