Deck 1 Flashcards
(387 cards)
Do a card for AD and AR diseases etc
Absolute contraindications for OCPs
- Hx of thromboembolic event or stroke
- Hx of E2 dependent tumor
- women over age 35 who SMOKE
- High Triglycerides
- Active or decompensated liver dz
- Pregnancy
Effect modification?
When the effect of the main exposure is modified by the presence of another variable
- NOT a bias
- how is it different than confounding?
reaction formation vs altruism vs sublimation
RF - excessive, opposite reaction from feelings
Altruism - helping others to alleviate guilt and low self esteem
Sublimation - channeling unacceptable impulses into productive activity
Blood gas at high altitudes?
- PaO2 decreases to 60 or less
* stimulates carotid and aortic chemoreceptors—> incr ventilation - leads to hyperventilation and RESP ALKALOSIS (low PaCO2)
- incr blood pH
- Low Bicarb as renal compensation
Femoral hernia anatomy
- below inguinal ligament
- thru femoral ring
- lateral to pubic tubercle
- medial to femoral artery and vein
*present with pelvic pain, thigh mass. if incarceration: N/V abd pain, etc
Clue cell vs Koilocyte
- Clue: BV, squamous cell covered with bacilli
- Koilocyte: HPV infection, immature squamous cell with dense, staining cytoplasm and peri-nuclear clearing. looks like HALO
What enzyme is INCREASED in Lesch-Nyann?
- PRPP
- to compensate by increasing de novo purine synthesis
histoplasma infxn: sx and cell appearance
- in immunocompromised: HSM, ulcerated tongue lesions, pulm infiltrates causing SOB, hilar adenopathy, cavitary upper lobe lesions, fever, wt loss etc
- Cell: small ovoid bodies within macrophage
Underlying pathophys in Beta-thalassemia? Smear?
- Defective transcription, processing, and translation of beta-globin mRNA
- microcytic anemia, target cells, incr Hgb F and A2
drugs causing myopathy:
- Statins
- fibrates
- niacin
- hydroxychloroquine
- glucocorticoids
- colchicine
- IFN-alpha
- Penicillamine
Vincristine side effect and mechanism?
- Mech: microtubule inhibition, M-phase specific agent
- Neurotoxicity
Bone findings in primary hyperparathyroidism?
- Subperiosteal thinning
- cystic degeneration
kid with grey pharyngeal exudates, unvaccinated? What agar does it grow in?
- C. Diptheriae
- Tellurite agar….can also be detected on microscopy after methylene blue staining
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
hypercoagulable state
- cardiac valve vegetations
- similar to trousseau’s syndrome (migratory thrombophlebitis)
Prinzmetal’s angina
- episodic, transient anginal CP
- occurs at night and at rest
- temporary ST-segment elevations
- vasospasm
-Test: ergonovine…diagnostic:
constricts vascular SM via alpha stim and serotonergics as well. causes CP and ST segment elevation
Tx: CCBs
What are charcot-bouchard psudoaneurysms?
- Aneurysms caused by hypertension in the brain
- usually in small arterioles that penetrate the basal ganglia
- cause intracerebral hemorrhage, vs SAH in saccular aneurysms
Drug of choice for GDM?
-Insulin
avoid oral hypoglycemics bc they can cross placenta and cause hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia
What tx for severe allergic asthma has been shown to decr exacerbation recurrence? Mechanism?
- Omalizumab
- anti-IgE antibody subQ injection
- for use in pts with severe asthma, on oral steroids
How to workup metabolic alkalosis:
- Volume status
- Urine Cl
- Vomiting and diuretics = saline and Cl responsive
- Mineralocoticoid excess = saline and Cl UNresponsive
In hemophilia, addition of ______to blood will lead to clotting: why?
- Thrombin
- No 8 or 9 = no 10a
- No 10a = no conversion of prothrombin to thrombin —> decr thrombin
What is intrapleural pressure at FRC?
negative 5 mmHg
Pathophys in HbS disease?
- Valine in place of glutamate in 6th AA position of Beta subunit
- promotes hydrophobic interaction between Hgb molecules
- polymerization of Hgb —> RBC distortion (sickling)
What happens to volume-pressure curve in AV shunts?
- Vol incr due to incr preload
- Pressure decreases due to decr afterload