Deck 1.3 Core Concepts

Question 1

What concept refers to the understanding and development of various movement skills and patterns necessary for physical activity?

Answer 1

Physical Literacy

Question 2

Which teaching method in physical education focuses on student-centered learning, where students have more control over their activities and decisions?

Answer 2

Inquiry-Based Learning

Question 3

Which historical figure is known for their significant contributions to the development of physical education programs in American schools in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Answer 3

Luther Gulick

Question 4

What is the primary focus of the Sport Education Model in physical education?

Answer 4

Developing teamwork and sportsmanship through student-led sports seasons.

Question 5

How have recent trends in technology integration influenced physical education practices?

Answer 5

Recent trends in technology integration have enabled virtual PE classes and fitness tracking through apps and wearable devices, enhancing the overall practice of physical education.

Question 6

How did the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) influence physical education?

Answer 6

The IDEA mandates that students with disabilities receive appropriate physical education services, ensuring that they have access to PE classes and are included in physical activities.

Question 7

What teaching method involves students working together to achieve shared learning goals in physical education?

Answer 7

Cooperative Learning

Question 8

How has the development of the Presidential Physical Fitness Test impacted physical education programs in the United States?

Answer 8

It highlighted the importance of physical fitness and encouraged schools to assess and improve students’ physical health through regular fitness testing.

Question 9

What concept in physical education focuses on helping students develop lifelong habits of physical activity and healthful living?

Answer 9

Lifelong Physical Activity

Question 10

How has the integration of social media influenced physical education and students’ physical activity levels?

Answer 10

By providing platforms for sharing workout routines, fitness challenges, and health tips, which can motivate students to stay active and engage in physical activities outside of school.

Question 11

Describe direct and indirect teaching methods in physical education and their main advantages.

Answer 11

• Direct:
  
  • Teacher-centered, the instructor stands in front of the class and lectures or advises.
  • Advantages: Introductory for new skills, time efficiency, time for practice
• Indirect:
  
  • Student-centered, the instructor assumes a passive role and guides student interactions.
  • Advantages: Cooperation and social skill development.

Question 12

Describe movement exploration in physical education and identify three examples.

Answer 12

• It is a method involving the use of aids for exploring and teaching movement skills.
• Examples: bean bags balancing, hoops movement, rope and bench jumping

Question 13

What are the three main goals of cooperative activities?

Answer 13

1. Students work together to reach a consensus.
2. Students can structure the learning experience.
3. Students learn problem-solving skills.

They enhance teamwork and communication.

Question 14

Identify three main teaching styles.

Answer 14

1. Command Style: The teacher makes all decisions, gives instructions, and students comply.
2. Exploration Style: The instructor sets up equipment and allows students to explore movements independently while monitoring safety and asking questions.
3. Reciprocal Style: Students observe and provide feedback to each other while the teacher supervises and guides the process.

Question 15

What are the four steps for teaching a new physical education skill?

Answer 15

1. Give clear instructions (written or verbal).
2. Perform a demonstration.
3. Help students practice the skill.
4. Test the student’s performance and learning.

This structured approach helps ensure effective learning.

Question 16

What are the four main types of practice?

Answer 16

1. Distributed Practice
2. Fixed Practice
3. Massed Practice
4. Variable Practice

Distributed Practice: Staggered intervals with recovery time between sessions.

Fixed Practice: Repetition of drills for motor skill mastery.

Massed Practice: Continuous repetition of one skill until mastered.

Variable Practice: Drills with constant changes to the situation.

Question 17

What are the four main methods for practicing a new skill in physical education?

Answer 17

• Part Method
• Progressive-Part Method
• Whole Method
• Whole-Part-Whole Method

Part Method: Practicing each skill separately by isolating parts.

Progressive-Part Method: Practicing parts separately, then chaining them together.

Whole Method: Practicing the entire skill from start to finish.

Whole-Part-Whole Method: Practicing the whole skill, breaking it into parts, then practicing it as a whole again.

Question 18

What topics are typically covered in a physical education course?

Answer 18

• Physical fitness
• Health benefits of fitness
• Movement competence and skills
• Healthy diets
• Risks of poor nutrition and exercise

Understanding these topics promotes overall wellness among students.

Question 19

What is the recommended daily duration for physical education classes at different school levels?

Answer 19

• Elementary school: 30 minutes per day
• Middle school and High school: 45 minutes per day

These durations may vary based on school district requirements or recommendations.

Question 20

Identify at least four examples of common calisthenics exercises performed in physical education.

Answer 20

• Push-ups
• Sit-ups
• Crunches
• Leg lifts
• Jumping jacks
• Pull-ups
• Jumping rope

Question 21

What is the recommended structure of a physical education class?

Answer 21

• Warm-Up (5-10 minutes) - Dynamic Stretching and/or Light Aerobic Activities
• Main Activity (20-30 minutes) - Skill Development and/or Game or Practice
• Cool Down (5-10 minutes) - Static Stretching and/or Breathing Exercises
• Reflection and Feedback (5 minutes) - Discussion and/or Feedback
• Health and Wellness Education (Optional, 5-10 minutes) - Lesson on Fitness Concepts

Question 22

What is the meaning of an ‘inning’ in softball?

Answer 22

A round of play when both teams have had a chance to bat.

Softball games typically consist of 6, 7, or 9 innings.

Question 23

How many players are on a softball team?

Answer 23

Nine to ten.

It depends on the ages and types of softball. Each team has 9-10 players in the game field.

Question 24

What are the main objectives of the batting team in softball?

Answer 24

To score runs by hitting the ball, reaching base safely, and advancing around the bases to home plate while avoiding getting out.

Question 25

What are the **basic skills** needed for softball?

Answer 25

* Catching * Throwing * Batting ## Footnote These skills are fundamental for fielding, accurate throws, and effective hitting in softball. **Catching**: Use hand-eye coordination to catch pop-ups, line-drives, and grounders. **Throwing**: Position sideways, step with non-dominant leg, and follow through. **Batting**: Hold the bat correctly, keep wrists parallel, and focus on the ball.

Question 26

How *many players* are on a soccer team?

Answer 26

**11 players** for each team. ## Footnote 10 field players and 1 goalie.

Question 27

Identify the four **primary player positions** in soccer.

Answer 27

* Defenders * Midfielders * Forwards * Goalie (goalkeeper) ## Footnote **Defenders**: Protect the goal and stop the opposing team’s progression **Midfielders**: Support defense and link to offense; play both halves of the field. **Forwards**: Focus on attacking and progressing the ball to score goals. **Goalie (goalkeeper)**: Defend the goal; use hands in the penalty area to stop goals and restart play.

Question 28

# Define: Penalty Kick in Soccer

Answer 28

A special **free kick** taken from the penalty spot (12 yards from the goal). ## Footnote It occurs when a team commits an offense in their defensive penalty area.

Question 29

What **fundamental skills** should soccer players master?

Answer 29

Dribbling, kicking, trapping, heading, tackling, throw-ins, defending the goal. ## Footnote Mastery of these skills is essential for improvement in soccer.

Question 30

What is the **difference** between a *yellow card* and a *red card* in soccer?

Answer 30

* **Yellow card**: A warning for serious offenses or unsportsmanlike conduct. * **Red card**: Immediate ejection for severe offenses or after receiving two yellow cards.

Question 31

# Define: Competitive Swimming

Answer 31

A sport where a swimmer moves through water using various stroke styles.

Question 32

What are the **official strokes** recognized by the International Swimming Federation?

Answer 32

* Freestyle (also known as front crawl) * Butterfly * Breaststroke * Backstroke ## Footnote These strokes are commonly used in competitions.

Question 33

# Define: Survival Floating

Answer 33

A skill used to keep the head above water in times of trouble. ## Footnote It is introduced after the swimmer becomes comfortable with floating.

Question 34

What are the physical and psychological **benefits** of swimming?

Answer 34

* **Physical**: Low stress on joints, increased release of endorphins, low risk of injury or pain, and helps maintain a healthy body weight. * **Psychological**: Stress reduction and anxiety and depression symptoms improvement. ## Footnote Swimming is often regarded as a safer alternative to high-impact exercises.

Question 35

What are the **basic safety measures** for water activities?

Answer 35

1. Learn to Swim 2. Buddy System 3. Follow Lifeguard Rules 4. Wear Life Jackets 5. Protect Skin & Eyes ## Footnote **Learn to Swim**: Know how to swim and never swim alone. **Buddy System**: Always swim with a friend or group for safety. **Follow Lifeguard Rules**: Listen to lifeguards and adults to prevent accidents. **Wear Life Jackets**: Use personal flotation devices during certain water activities. **Protect Skin & Eyes**: Use sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses to prevent sun damage. Lifeguards and flotation devices are critical for prevention and emergency situations.

Question 36

What is the *best sequence* for teaching **swimming skills** to a beginner child?

Answer 36

1. Comfort in water 2. Leg Mechanics 3. Arm & Breathing Mechanics 4. Turns & Gliding 5. Diving ## Footnote **Comfort in water**: Safe entry, face in water, blowing bubbles, submerging, and floating. **Leg Mechanics**: Learn basic kicking using a kickboard. **Arm & Breathing Mechanics**: Add arm movements and proper breathing techniques. **Turns & Gliding**: Practice flip turns and streamline gliding. **Diving**: Start with kneel dives, progressing to standing and platform diving.

Question 37

What are the four primary **phases of scoring** in tennis?

Answer 37

* Point * Game * Set * Match ## Footnote **Point**: Count as love (0), 15, 30 and 40. **Game**: Win with at least 4 points with a 2-point lead. **Set**: Win 6 games with at least a 2-game lead. **Match**: Win the required number of sets (usually 2 or 3). A tiebreak is used in certain sets when the score reaches 6-6.

Question 38

What are the **primary** types of shots in tennis?

Answer 38

* Serve * Groundstrokes * Volley * Half-volley * Smash ## Footnote **Serve**: The shot that starts a point. **Groundstrokes**: Shots hit after the ball bounces on the ground. **Volley**: Hit before the ball touches the ground, typically near the net. **Half-volley**: Hit just after the ball bounces. **Smash**: A powerful overhead shot.

Question 39

What is the **difference** between a "*smash*" and a "*drop shot*" in tennis?

Answer 39

* A "**smash**" is a powerful overhead shot used to finish a point by hitting the ball forcefully downward. * A "**drop shot**" is a softly hit ball designed to land just over the net, making it difficult for the opponent to reach.

Question 40

What are the three main types of **tennis grips**?

Answer 40

* Continental * Eastern * Western ## Footnote **Continental**: Used for serves, volleys, and overhead shots. **Eastern**: Common for forehand strokes, providing a balance of control and power. **Western**: Offers maximum topspin, often used in baseline rallies.

Question 41

In tennis, what is the score called when both players have **40 points?**

Answer 41

Deuce ## Footnote At deuce, one player must win two consecutive points to win the game.

Question 42

# Define: Track and Field

Answer 42

It is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, throwing, and combined skills. ## Footnote Also known as athletics.

Question 43

How are track and field activities *divided*?

Answer 43

* **Track activities**: Distance run, obstacle run, and relay races. * **Field activities**: Jumping and throwing activities. ## Footnote Jumping and throwing include different activities each.

Question 44

Why are runners positioned in **staggered starts** for some races?

Answer 44

To account for the shorter distance of the inside curve of the track in short races (200-800 meters).

Question 45

How many **jump attempts** are allowed in the long jump?

Answer 45

Three

Question 46

What are the four main **throwing competitions** in track and field?

Answer 46

* Shot put * Discus * Javelin throw * Hammer throw ## Footnote **Shot put**: Throwing a heavy spherical object as far as possible. **Discus**: Throwing a disc-shaped object using a spinning motion. **Javelin throw**: Throwing a spear-like object for distance. **Hammer throw**: Throwing a heavy weight attached to a handle using rotational motion.

Question 47

What are the four main **jumping events** in athletics?

Answer 47

* High Jump * Long Jump * Triple Jump * Pole Vault ## Footnote **High Jump**: Athletes jump over a horizontal bar at varying heights. **Long Jump**: Athletes leap forward for maximum distance before the foul line. **Triple Jump**: A sequence of three jumps – a hop, a step, and a jump – to achieve the longest distance. **Pole Vault**: Athletes use a pole to vault over a high bar.

Question 48

What does the **2-2 cadence** breathing technique involve?

Answer 48

Breathe in for **two** strides, breathe out for **two** strides. ## Footnote This method is suitable for sprints and shorter distances.

Question 49

What are the *primary goals* in volleyball?

Answer 49

1. Keep the ball in the air. 2. Score points. ## Footnote **Keep the ball in the air**: Prevent the ball from hitting the ground on your side. **Score points**: Hit the ball over the net in a way that the opposing team cannot return it.

Question 50

What is the *scoring system* for a typical volleyball match?

Answer 50

Volleyball uses **rally scoring**, where a point is awarded on every serve. ## Footnote A team wins a set (or game) by scoring **25 points** with a 2-point lead. The final set, if needed, is played to **15 points**.

Question 51

In volleyball, what is the *maximum number of hits* a team can use to return the ball?

Answer 51

Three hits

Question 52

What are the **basic rules** of volleyball?

Answer 52

* Each team gets three hits to return the ball. * A point is scored when the ball hits the ground on the opponent’s court. * Players cannot hit the ball twice in a row. * The ball must be served behind the backline and go over the net. ## Footnote Rotation and fair play rules apply, players also must avoid touching the net or crossing the centerline.

Question 53

What is the **standard number of players** on an indoor volleyball team?

Answer 53

Six

Question 54

In volleyball, what is the role of the **libero**?

Answer 54

To **specialize in defensive skills,** particularly receiving serves and digging attacks. ## Footnote The libero cannot attack the ball above the net's height and typically wears a different-colored jersey.

Question 55

What are the **five basic hits** in volleyball?

Answer 55

* Serve * Block * Forearm pass * Overhand pass (set) * Spike ## Footnote **Serve**: Starts the game by hitting the ball over the net. **Block**: Prevents the opponent’s ball from crossing the net. **Forearm pass**: Receives the serve or ball and directs it to a teammate. **Overhand pass (set)**: Lifts the ball for an attacker to spike. **Spike**: Hits the ball forcefully into the opponent’s court.

Question 56

What is the role of **informed consent** in physical education programs, particularly for activities with higher risk levels?

Answer 56

Informed consent involves informing students and their parents or guardians about the potential risks associated with certain activities and obtaining their agreement to participate, thereby reducing the teacher's legal liability.

Question 57

What is the importance of **conducting regular equipment inspections** in a physical education program?

Answer 57

It is crucial to **identify** and **address any potential hazards or defects** that could cause injuries, thereby ensuring a safe environment for students and reducing the risk of legal liability.

Question 58

How does **proper documentation of incidents and injuries** contribute to legal protection in physical education?

Answer 58

Provides a detailed record of events, demonstrating that the teacher took appropriate actions and followed safety protocols, which can be crucial in defending against legal claims.

Question 59

What is defined as **legal liability**?

Answer 59

Being legally responsible for your actions. ## Footnote Physical Education usually has more legal liability due to the nature of their work with kids moving around.

Question 60

Identify some common *sources of legal liability* for Physical Education teachers.

Answer 60

* Lack of supervision. * Inadequate instruction. * Failure to inform students of risks. * Unsafe facilities and damaged equipment. ## Footnote These factors can lead to legal actions against Physical Education teachers.

Question 61

What are the **best safe practices** to guard against legal liability in Physical Education?

Answer 61

* Be present. * Use participation agreements. * Inspect facilities and equipment. * Assign age-appropriate activities. ## Footnote **Be present**: Always supervise students to prevent unsafe conduct. **Use participation agreements**: Provide waivers or permission slips to parents when needed. **Inspect facilities and equipment**: Regularly check for unsafe conditions and report or block hazards. **Assign age-appropriate activities**: Ensure activities match students’ abilities and experience levels.

Question 62

What is **substance abuse**?

Answer 62

The harmful, excessive use of drugs such as alcohol, prescriptions, over-the-counter medicine, or other chemical substances. ## Footnote Substance abuse brings a multitude of health risks.

Question 63

What are some **physical health risks** associated with *substance abuse* among teens?

Answer 63

* Delayed puberty. * Damage to the reproductive system. * Increased car accidents. * Binge drinking and alcohol poisoning. * Unsafe sexual behaviors.

Question 64

What impact does **substance abuse** have on *student performance*?

Answer 64

* Lower grades. * Poor attendance. * Increased dropout rates. * Behavioral changes like acting out. ## Footnote These changes can hinder educational outcomes.

Question 65

What are the **psychological health risks** associated with *substance abuse* in adolescents?

Answer 65

* Mood swings, aggression, and recklessness. * Depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. * Memory problems and neurotransmitter disruption. * Difficulties with social interactions and daily functioning. ## Footnote Substance abuse disrupts adolescent brain development.

Question 66

What are the **consequences** of using *performance-enhancing drugs* among students?

Answer 66

* Stunting of height. * Increased aggressiveness. * Reduced sperm production in males. ## Footnote These risks are often overlooked by those seeking athletic advantage.

Question 67

How can **substance abuse interfere** with a student's social relationships?

Answer 67

It can lead to **withdrawal** from family and friends, **conflicts** in relationships, and association with peers who also engage in substance use, further **isolating** the student and **impacting** their social development.

Question 68

What are some **common signs of substance abuse** that educators should be aware of?

Answer 68

* Changes in behavior. * Unexplained mood swings. * Declining academic performance. * Physical symptoms such as bloodshot eyes or unexplained weight loss. * Increased need for privacy or secrecy.