Deck no. 18

Question 1

to resolve

Answer 1

postanawiać, zdecydować się

I had planned on a Big Mac but I am swayed by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and resolve to return for the hot caramel sundae.

Question 2

quandary

Answer 2

rozterka, dylemat

The quandary investors now face is this: Will global oil demand recover before electric vehicles, renewable power, and environmental regulations permanently dent the market for fossil fuels?

Question 3

tłoczyć (się), gromadzić (się), zapełniać (jakieś miejsce)

Answer 3

to throng

Although their worldly success was phenomenal, and they almost controlled the economic life of the country and made fabulous fortunes as bankers and merchants, and thronged the liberal professions, even attaining high rank in the Church, the vast majority of the Conversos remained faithful at heart to the religion of their fathers.

Question 4

to amplify

Answer 4

wzmacniać (np. sygnał); powiększać (np. obawy)

“Smart cities essentially increase the downside risk considerably of cyber intrusions or abuses, both in terms of data security and cyber security,” says Andrew Davenport, chief operating officer at RWR Advisory. “The cyber risk that is associated with entities that are subject to Chinese laws and governance structures is amplified in this environment.”

Question 5

issue

Answer 5

problem

The Jews who submitted to baptism were no longer subject to the head tax. They were also, as Christians, qualified for governmental office. Race was not an issue.

Question 6

ilustrować, stanowić przykład, obrazować

Answer 6

to exemplify

The move exemplified the geopolitical chutzpah of America’s best-known energy producer — the kind of clout that persuaded Donald Trump to make Rex Tillerson, Exxon’s then chief executive, his first secretary of state.

Question 7

tu: stworzyć przepaść; inne: ziewać

Answer 7

to yawn

In global development finance, such a sharp scaling back of lending by the Chinese banks amounts to an earthquake. If it persists, it will exacerbate an infrastructure funding gap that in Asia alone already amounts to $907bn a year, according to Asian Development Bank estimates. In Africa and Latin America — where Chinese credit has also formed a big part of infrastructure financing — the gap between what is required and what is available is also expected to yawn wider.

Question 8

poruszenie

Answer 8

stir

“The strategy will also focus on standards to facilitate civil-military fusion — a concept that has gained considerable traction in China and has caused a stir in strategic communities overseas, particularly in Washington,” wrote research fellow John Seaman in a report this year for the French Institute of International Relations and the Policy Center for the New South.

Question 9

to reek of something

Answer 9

śmierdzieć czymś

But the bumper price reeked of panic. Return on capital employed dropped from more than 30 per cent in 2008 to single digits in 2014. The production growth promised by Mr Tillerson failed to materialise.

Question 10

zewrzeć szyki; przygotować się na odparcie ataków

Answer 10

to circle the wagons

He is determined not to “circle the wagons” against the company’s critics, he states, but he also argues that persuading franchisees to embrace its values will be more effective than prescribing more rules.

Question 11

ryzyko potencjalnej straty; oszacowanie maksymalnych strat, jakie może ponieść firma, angażując się w dane przedsięwzięcie

Answer 11

downside risk

“Smart cities essentially increase the downside risk considerably of cyber intrusions or abuses, both in terms of data security and cyber security,” says Andrew Davenport, chief operating officer at RWR Advisory. “The cyber risk that is associated with entities that are subject to Chinese laws and governance structures is amplified in this environment.”

Question 12

to exemplify

Answer 12

ilustrować, stanowić przykład, obrazować

The move exemplified the geopolitical chutzpah of America’s best-known energy producer — the kind of clout that persuaded Donald Trump to make Rex Tillerson, Exxon’s then chief executive, his first secretary of state.

Question 13

niezdolny; niezdatny

Answer 13

unfit

Sarmiento then proclaimed all conversos of Jewish descent to be unfit for any public office whose occupants exercise authority over Old Christians in the city and the district.

Question 14

uderzyć

Answer 14

to clobber

Debt renegotiations have proliferated as the pandemic has clobbered emerging economies in Africa and elsewhere. A report by Rhodium Group, a consultancy, says at least 18 processes of debt renegotiation with China have taken place in 2020 and 12 countries were still in talks with Beijing as of the end of September, covering $28bn in Chinese loans.

Question 15

dyplomatyczny i geopolityczny termin, który oznacza sytuację w rzeczywistości, a nie abstrakcję.

Answer 15

facts on the ground

“It can roll out technologies using Chinese standards in foreign markets, creating ‘facts on the ground’.” Crucial to the goal of popularising Chinese standards overseas is the Belt and Road Initiative, which Mr Zhao described in a blog on the ITU’s website as holding “so much promise”.

Question 16

walka; zawody; konkurs

Answer 16

contest

Video-streaming is a fight for supremacy between half a dozen firms. And cloud computing has become a fiercely contested market, too, as our analysis of the adventures of Microsoft shows.

Question 17

mnóstwo

Answer 17

host of

The massive lending by Chinese financial institutions that supports the Belt and Road Initiative has fallen off a cliff. At the same time, Beijing finds itself mired in debt renegotiations with a host of countries.

Question 18

nieprzemyślany

Answer 18

ill-conceived

Overall, though, China’s rethink betrays a tacit recognition that its overseas lending bonanza has been ill-conceived. Photographs from the 2017 Belt and Road Forum for International Co-operation — the venue at which Mr Xi declared his “project of the century” ambition — hint at what would become the programme’s fatal flaw.

Question 19

odpowiadać komuś

Answer 19

to be to somebody’s liking

L’Oréal’s culture is ‘not to everyone’s liking’.

Question 20

to sway

Answer 20

odciągnąć (kogoś od czegoś), odwieść (od planu, pomysłu)

I had planned on a Big Mac but I am swayed by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and resolve to return for the hot caramel sundae.

Question 21

capacity utilization

Answer 21

wykorzystanie mocy produkcyjnych

Using this diagram, you should make the recommendation to the client to decrease its capacity utilization. This will cause the supply curve to shift towards the left, increasing the market clearing price from P1 to P2.

Question 22

to dip one’s toe in

Answer 22

zaczynać coś, próbować czegoś

As wildcat drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead. When it eventually dipped its toe into this new unconventional resource, the company focused on German and Polish shale fields.

Question 23

reputedly

Answer 23

podobno; rzekomo

Because of the large number of converted Jews prominent in Spain, it was reputedly more secular than renaissance Italy.

Question 24

szkodliwy

Answer 24

detrimental

The very openness of Spanish Society, though favorable in the short run, was ultimately detrimental to the status of the converted Jews.

Question 25

duplicity

Answer 25

dwulicowość; obłuda Second, Roth's justification of **duplicity** condones subversion and makes it a Jewish characteristic.

Question 26

to the vanishing point

Answer 26

do pomijalnego poziomu; nieomal do zera The number of the Christianized Marranos was rising from generation to generation, while the number of clandestine Jews among them was rapidly dwindling **to the vanishing point**.

Question 27

piętrzyć się, nagromadzać się (np. o problemach)

Answer 27

to mount In America permanent job losses are **mounting** even as the headline unemployment rate falls. As more activity moves online, business will become more dominated by firms with the most advanced intellectual property and the biggest repositories of data; this year’s boom in technology stocks gives a sense of what is coming, as does the digital surge in the banking industry.

Question 28

blokada; zamrożenia; wyłączność

Answer 28

lock-in There is the risk of **lock-in**, a point after which switching becomes too costly.” Serbia is just one of many countries that has signed up to a Chinese-installed smart city package complete with surveillance cameras supplied by Hikvision, a company blacklisted by the US because of suspected human rights abuses in Xinjiang.

Question 29

to be to somebody's liking

Answer 29

odpowiadać komuś L’Oréal’s culture is ‘not **to everyone’s liking**’.

Question 30

przymus

Answer 30

coercion The Infante Don Alfonso summarized the situation when criticizing conversions [which] resulted from overt pressure and **coercion**.'

Question 31

niezgoda

Answer 31

discord And the same political system that enabled our global progress and democracy after World War II now contributes to societal **discord** and discontent. Each was well intended but had unintended negative consequences.

Question 32

jaded

Answer 32

zblazowany; znudzony For a moment this week investors could afford to ignore stockmarket superstars like Amazon and Alibaba. As news of a vaccine broke, a motley crew of more **jaded** firms led Wall Street higher, with the shares of airlines, banks and oil firms soaring on hopes of a recovery.

Question 33

unfit

Answer 33

niezdolny; niezdatny Sarmiento then proclaimed all conversos of Jewish descent to be **unfit** for any public office whose occupants exercise authority over Old Christians in the city and the district.

Question 34

wypłacać pieniądze, wydatkować

Answer 34

to disburse They provide the overwhelming majority of China’s overseas development lending and the funds they **disburse** rival in scale those of the World Bank, the world’s largest multilateral lender.

Question 35

usposobiony; nastawiony do czegoś

Answer 35

disposed The Jews were initially well-**disposed** to the marriage.

Question 36

squeeze

Answer 36

ograniczenie The minimum rate of return required to finance long-term oil projects has increased to as much as 20%, according to Goldman, compared with as little as 3% for renewable projects. That gap suggests investors are factoring in higher regulatory costs for carbon producers, according to Goldman. The **squeeze** on capital has led to a dramatic pullback in spending.

Question 37

regimen

Answer 37

reżim The **regimen** of false conversions in Spain made a bad situation worse. The cynical Jewish converts continued to exploit the situation under the protection of the Church, while the sincere Jewish converts lived under constant and intolerable suspicion.

Question 38

to induce

Answer 38

powodować, wywoływać In both cases complete access to general culture **induced** an explosion of intellectual creativity. The Jewish New Christians and their children in the early 16th Century embraced Christian thought and learning with the same kind of creative enthusiasm as assimilated Jews contributed to modernism in literature and theory between 1900 and 1940.

Question 39

overt

Answer 39

jawny The Infante Don Alfonso summarized the situation when criticizing conversions [which] resulted from **overt** pressure and coercion.'

Question 40

to circle the wagons

Answer 40

zewrzeć szyki; przygotować się na odparcie ataków He is determined not to “**circle the wagons**” against the company’s critics, he states, but he also argues that persuading franchisees to embrace its values will be more effective than prescribing more rules.

Question 41

externality

Answer 41

efekt uboczny; skutek uboczny *cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially incurred or received by that producer* The second change is the rising importance of **externalities**, costs that firms are responsible for but avoid paying. Today the value doctrine suggests you should load up on car firms and oil producers. But these firms’ prospects depend on the potential liability from their carbon footprint, the cost of which may rise as emissions rules tighten and carbon taxes spread.

Question 42

wtrącać się; gmerać

Answer 42

to pry He was also free to become a priest for the purpose of listening to the confessions of old Christians and to **pry** into their secrets.

Question 43

negative

Answer 43

ujemny This April, the pandemic briefly led U.S. oil prices to fall into **negative** territory for the first time ever. So much oil backed up in storage that investors literally paid people to take it off their hands.

Question 44

zniszczyć

Answer 44

to shatter Even before coronavirus **shattered** the global oil industry, Exxon, once the world’s most valuable company by market capitalisation, was struggling.

Question 45

to venture,

Answer 45

ośmielić się zaryzykować But say I had brought wine with me, I **venture**, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He concurs that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he gamely agrees.

Question 46

jąkać się

Answer 46

to stammer “I mean, for me, I think what I was proud of was our board, in my experience, has always made the right but sometimes tough decision,” Kempczinski **stammers**, his speech pattern betraying his discomfort.

Question 47

specjalistyczny; wyróżniający się

Answer 47

differentiated Various other variants of a case like this can come up in an interview, for example when products are **differentiated** instead of commodities, or if the industry is a monopoly or an oligopoly.

Question 48

subversion

Answer 48

działalność wywrotowa The only Jew ostracized by the synagogue was the sincere convert. The liar and dissembler were tolerated tacitly, in violation of the teaching of Moses and the scriptural principle articulated in the Book of Maccabees. As a result, the rabbis and unscrupulous anti-Semitic Christian politicians collaborated in creating an atmosphere where **subversion** flourished.

Question 49

to be dealt a bad hand

Answer 49

otrzymać słabe karty, mieć pecha Its samestore sales plunged 22 per cent in March, then 39 per cent in April. No McDonald’s boss has been **dealt a tougher hand**.

Question 50

base-case

Answer 50

najbardziej prawdopodobny przypadek *The financial results from the base case should be better than those from conservative scenarios, but worse than those from upside cases.* That is, evaluate digital projects and strategies based on the cash flows they are expected to gen­erate, making sure to factor in “do nothing” or **base-case** scenarios as well as the overarching objectives of the digital project or strategy being proposed.

Question 51

script

Answer 51

scenariusz Adjusted for inflation, this total was roughly seven times what the US spent through the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the second world war, according to Jonathan Hillman, author of The Emperor’s New Road. But according to data published this week, reality is deviating sharply from Mr Xi’s **script**.

Question 52

firepower

Answer 52

siła; wpływ; moc sprawcza The build-up of institutional **firepower** is a sure sign that China is set to wield much more influence over global technological standards. But equally as sure is that the backlash from Washington is building.

Question 53

to pry

Answer 53

wtrącać się; gmerać He was also free to become a priest for the purpose of listening to the confessions of old Christians and to **pry** into their secrets.

Question 54

to disburse

Answer 54

wypłacać pieniądze, wydatkować They provide the overwhelming majority of China’s overseas development lending and the funds they **disburse** rival in scale those of the World Bank, the world’s largest multilateral lender.

Question 55

to fuel

Answer 55

podsycać; napędzać As the flurry of manipulated but aspirational posts made people feel bad about their normal lives, Frier writes, “Instagram ended up **fuelling** a problem not just about truth in advertising, but about truth in life.

Question 56

zgodzić się

Answer 56

to concur But say I had brought wine with me, I venture, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He **concurs** that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he gamely agrees.

Question 57

reżim

Answer 57

regimen The **regimen** of false conversions in Spain made a bad situation worse. The cynical Jewish converts continued to exploit the situation under the protection of the Church, while the sincere Jewish converts lived under constant and intolerable suspicion.

Question 58

to get off the ground

Answer 58

zacząć działać; zacząć odnosić sukcesy If the idea **gets off the ground** it could directly benefit State Grid, which is the global leader in making ultra-high voltage transmission lines.

Question 59

poruszyć (np. wstydliwy temat)

Answer 59

to broach In the 2014 film Kingsman, Samuel L Jackson tells Colin Firth that a McDonald’s cheeseburger “goes great with this ’45 Lafite”. The cheapest bottle of that vintage I could find is $2,999, so I grabbed a 2018 Josh Cellars Cabernet from home instead. I pour it into the two plastic cups I have brought, confirm that it helps the burger go down, and **broach** a more awkward subject.

Question 60

to come on top of something

Answer 60

nastąpić zaraz po czymś Indeed, the bad news related to COVID-19 **came on top of** the enormous economic, environmental, social and political challenges we were already facing before the pandemic.

Question 61

stir

Answer 61

poruszenie “The strategy will also focus on standards to facilitate civil-military fusion — a concept that has gained considerable traction in China and has caused a **stir** in strategic communities overseas, particularly in Washington,” wrote research fellow John Seaman in a report this year for the French Institute of International Relations and the Policy Center for the New South.

Question 62

pozbierać się, dojść do siebie, wrócić do normy

Answer 62

to bounce back That is not a concern for China, which so far seems to be emerging from the pandemic strongest—at least in the short run. Its economy has **bounced back** quickly.

Question 63

pogarda

Answer 63

contempt As apostate Jews, in many cases, they lavished hate and **contempt** on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular abhorrence of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 64

co przyniesie przyszłość

Answer 64

what the future holds Even before the pandemic sapped the world’s thirst for fuel, the future of the fossil-fuel industry was already under threat due to the rise of electric cars, the proliferation of renewable energy and growing consciousness about the long-term impact of climate change. The biggest oil companies increasingly disagree on **what the future holds**.

Question 65

ograniczenie

Answer 65

squeeze The minimum rate of return required to finance long-term oil projects has increased to as much as 20%, according to Goldman, compared with as little as 3% for renewable projects. That gap suggests investors are factoring in higher regulatory costs for carbon producers, according to Goldman. The **squeeze** on capital has led to a dramatic pullback in spending.

Question 66

to demur

Answer 66

odmawiać, sprzeciwiać (się) As wildcat drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon **demurred**, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 67

wielki szacunek; wysoka ocena

Answer 67

high regard “I think it’s safe to say that, you know, Steve was a supremely talented executive who behaved very badly,” he continues. “There was no flinching about it,” he says, but for a protégé who held Easterbrook in **high regard**, “it was disappointing, and it just hit”.

Question 68

zblazowany; znudzony

Answer 68

jaded For a moment this week investors could afford to ignore stockmarket superstars like Amazon and Alibaba. As news of a vaccine broke, a motley crew of more **jaded** firms led Wall Street higher, with the shares of airlines, banks and oil firms soaring on hopes of a recovery.

Question 69

cnotliwy; prawy

Answer 69

virtuous Looking forward, such **virtuous** instincts can become a feature of our economic systems rather than a rare exception.

Question 70

siła; wpływ; moc sprawcza

Answer 70

firepower The build-up of institutional **firepower** is a sure sign that China is set to wield much more influence over global technological standards. But equally as sure is that the backlash from Washington is building.

Question 71

czas realizacji

Answer 71

lead time Businesses that successfully implemented a lean, global model of manufacturing achieved improvements in indicators such as inventory levels, on-time-in-full deliveries, and shorter **lead times**.

Question 72

źle dobrany; niedopasowany

Answer 72

mismatch In late 2011, ExxonMobil announced plans to drill for oil in disputed land between Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq. Baghdad’s government, fearing the move could break up the country, threatened to eject the company from a big project near Basra, in the south. Exxon ignored the threat, knowing the encounter was a **mismatch**. Iraq’s revenue from oil sales that year amounted to about $80bn. Exxon’s revenue came in at more than $430bn.

Question 73

zaczynać coś, próbować czegoś

Answer 73

to dip one's toe in As wildcat drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead. When it eventually **dipped its toe into** this new unconventional resource, the company focused on German and Polish shale fields.

Question 74

dogmat; zasada

Answer 74

tenet Netanyahu seems unaware of the contradiction at the heart of his book, a contradiction required by the unquestioned **tenet** of mainstream Jewish historiography, namely, that anti-Semitism is never a function ofJewish behavior.

Question 75

spell

Answer 75

okres As office workers continue to work in their kitchens and bedrooms for at least part of the week, lower-paid workers who previously toiled as waiters, cleaners and sales assistants will need to find new jobs in the suburbs. Until they do, they could face long **spells** of unemployment.

Question 76

spektakularny; rzucający się w oczy

Answer 76

conspicuous **Conspicuous** by its absence from Netanyahu's book is any consideration of rabbinic theology on the issue of conversion under duress.

Question 77

to lavish

Answer 77

hojnie rozdawać, nie szczędzić (np. pochwał, uczucia) As apostate Jews, in many cases, they **lavished** hate and contempt on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular abhorrence of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 78

to bulge

Answer 78

puchnąć In the 15 years up to 2019, capital expenditure hit $350bn but output ended lower. The balance sheet **bulged**. From 2015, cash flow from operations struggled to cover the sum of the company’s market-leading capex plus its dividend.

Question 79

appearance

Answer 79

pozór Cecil Roth says the opposite. Although within a generation or two, the Marranos became assimilated enough, Roth feels **appearances** were deceiving.

Question 80

odciągnąć (kogoś od czegoś), odwieść (od planu, pomysłu)

Answer 80

to sway I had planned on a Big Mac but I am **swayed** by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and resolve to return for the hot caramel sundae.

Question 81

sterta, stos

Answer 81

stack Strategic competition between the US and China raises the spectre of a fragmentation of standards that creates a new technological divide. Mr Segal says it is possible, for example, that 5G mobile telecoms — a bedrock technology that enables the “internet of things” — may be divided into two competing **stacks**.

Question 82

przyjąć coś (np. pomysł)

Answer 82

to embrace The concept had been **embraced** by the U.S. Business Roundtable—a major Washingtonbased lobbying group of U.S. firms— just months earlier.

Question 83

to push the boat out

Answer 83

szarpnąć się (wydać więcej pieniędzy niż zwykle); zaszaleć (np. w zabawie) “We should **push the boat out**,” I suggest, as we scan the bright digital menu screens, but I wonder how to do so. There are a couple of novelties (spicy Chicken McNuggets) but the menu hasn’t changed much since Ray Kroc died in 1984, 30 years after he went to sell Dick and Mac McDonald a milkshake mixer, taking the first step in the establishment of a global franchise.

Question 84

to go about

Answer 84

zabrać się za robienie czegoś Based on your proposed approach, how would you **go about** conducting the analysis and gathering the information required?

Question 85

wypędzenie; wyparcie

Answer 85

expulsion Race replaced religion as the source of the animosity, but now there was no instant theological cure, ie., baptism, for being of the wrong race. There was, in fact, no cure other than extermination or **expulsion**.

Question 86

uczony

Answer 86

learned Cantor says not only were the great majority of Jewish converts sincere, but from among **learned** and aristocratic New Christian families came some of the greatest names in early 16th Century Spanish ecclesiastical and cultural history.

Question 87

to hit

Answer 87

osiągnąć (wynik) In the 15 years up to 2019, capital expenditure **hit** $350bn but output ended lower. The balance sheet bulged. From 2015, cash flow from operations struggled to cover the sum of the company’s market-leading capex plus its dividend.

Question 88

facts on the ground

Answer 88

dyplomatyczny i geopolityczny termin, który oznacza sytuację w rzeczywistości, a nie abstrakcję. “It can roll out technologies using Chinese standards in foreign markets, creating ‘**facts on the ground**’.” Crucial to the goal of popularising Chinese standards overseas is the Belt and Road Initiative, which Mr Zhao described in a blog on the ITU’s website as holding “so much promise”.

Question 89

host of

Answer 89

mnóstwo The massive lending by Chinese financial institutions that supports the Belt and Road Initiative has fallen off a cliff. At the same time, Beijing finds itself mired in debt renegotiations with a **host of** countries.

Question 90

friar

Answer 90

mnich The mendicant **friars**, though, continued to preach sermon after sermon against Judaism and the Judaizers, urging the faithful to take matters into their own hands.

Question 91

dwulicowość; obłuda

Answer 91

duplicity Second, Roth's justification of **duplicity** condones subversion and makes it a Jewish characteristic.

Question 92

ośmielić się zaryzykować

Answer 92

to venture, But say I had brought wine with me, I **venture**, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He concurs that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he gamely agrees.

Question 93

tu: pomoc; inne: ulga

Answer 93

relief If China is unable or unwilling to provide sufficient **relief** to its borrowers, it could find itself at the centre of a debt crisis in developing markets.” The data that describes China’s predicament comes from researchers at Boston University who maintain an independent database on China’s overseas development finance.

Question 94

nie widzieć szerszego kontekstu

Answer 94

to miss the forest for the trees But Mr Leggate says that the market is “**missing the woods for the trees**” by discounting the only company that will have capacity to boost production when oil prices rise.

Question 95

to run errands

Answer 95

załatwiać sprawy As an example, if the price of gasoline increases by 25 percent in one day, drivers wouldn’t be very happy about it, but they would still fill up their tanks, because they need gas to get to work, **run errands**, etc.

Question 96

lock-in

Answer 96

blokada; zamrożenia; wyłączność There is the risk of **lock-in**, a point after which switching becomes too costly.” Serbia is just one of many countries that has signed up to a Chinese-installed smart city package complete with surveillance cameras supplied by Hikvision, a company blacklisted by the US because of suspected human rights abuses in Xinjiang.

Question 97

sizzle

Answer 97

podniecenie, wielkie podekscytowanie Kempczinski, too, has achieved his success with more consistency than **sizzle**. With one wife, two kids and a goldendoodle, the clean-cut Ohioan seems cast to preach an ethics message.

Question 98

deser lodowy

Answer 98

sundae I had planned on a Big Mac but I am swayed by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and resolve to return for the hot caramel **sundae**.

Question 99

kampania; akcja

Answer 99

drive Military-civil fusion is a plan to use the best of civilian research and development to bolster the technological capacities of the People’s Liberation Army. The **drive** is led by Mr Xi himself, who heads the Commission for Military- Civil Fusion Development. It is believed to target civilian advances in “dual use” areas such as quantum computing, big data, semiconductors, 5G and AI, but concrete initiatives are shrouded in secrecy.

Question 100

to mount

Answer 100

piętrzyć się, nagromadzać się (np. o problemach) In America permanent job losses are **mounting** even as the headline unemployment rate falls. As more activity moves online, business will become more dominated by firms with the most advanced intellectual property and the biggest repositories of data; this year’s boom in technology stocks gives a sense of what is coming, as does the digital surge in the banking industry.

Question 101

tenet

Answer 101

dogmat; zasada Netanyahu seems unaware of the contradiction at the heart of his book, a contradiction required by the unquestioned **tenet** of mainstream Jewish historiography, namely, that anti-Semitism is never a function ofJewish behavior.

Question 102

flurry

Answer 102

podmuch (deszczu, śniegu); tuman; nagłe ożywienie As the **flurry** of manipulated but aspirational posts made people feel bad about their normal lives, Frier writes, “Instagram ended up fuelling a problem not just about truth in advertising, but about truth in life.

Question 103

załatwiać sprawy

Answer 103

to run errands As an example, if the price of gasoline increases by 25 percent in one day, drivers wouldn’t be very happy about it, but they would still fill up their tanks, because they need gas to get to work, **run errands**, etc.

Question 104

quarter

Answer 104

tu: krąg (ludzi) In Washington, the battle over technology standards is seen in some **quarters** as crucial to defending democracy from China’s influence, which Madeleine Albright, a former secretary of state, describes as “the world’s leading pioneer of what we call techno-authoritarianism”.

Question 105

to be in the doghouse

Answer 105

być w niełasce Wells Fargo’s struggle to escape the **doghouse** is not over yet.

Question 106

przymus

Answer 106

duress Conspicuous by its absence from Netanyahu's book is any consideration of rabbinic theology on the issue of conversion under **duress**.

Question 107

ułatwiać komuś zadanie, działać na czyjąś korzyść, być wodą na młyn

Answer 107

to play into somebody's hands The rabbis **played into the hands of** racists when they collaborated with unscrupulous Spanish politicians to allow false conversion.

Question 108

scenariusz

Answer 108

script Adjusted for inflation, this total was roughly seven times what the US spent through the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the second world war, according to Jonathan Hillman, author of The Emperor’s New Road. But according to data published this week, reality is deviating sharply from Mr Xi’s **script**.

Question 109

trwały; stały

Answer 109

ongoing “But as we look closely at the facts and the various expert assessments, we conclude that the needs of society will drive more energy use in the years ahead — and an **ongoing** need for the products we produce.”

Question 110

czynić w czymś postępy

Answer 110

to make inroads in something Alibaba’s and Tencent’s cloud arms dominate in China and are **making some inroads** elsewhere in Asia. Europe is so anxious about American firms that it has launched a statebacked rival, called Gaia-x.

Question 111

tu: zdobycz, łup

Answer 111

prize Thus smart cities, which automate multiple municipal functions, represent a big **prize** for China’s standards drive. “China is setting standards from the bottom up through widespread export and foreign adoption of its technology,” says Jonathan Hillman, an analyst at CSIS, a Washington-based think-tank.

Question 112

tu bust open something

Answer 112

otworzyć coś na siłe As wildcat drillers in the US were **busting open** a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 113

mdły; nijaki; bezbarwny

Answer 113

bland A year into this **bland**-sounding regimen, he says stoically: “You get to know your way around the menu.”

Question 114

to decompose

Answer 114

rozkładać na części składowe; gnić We have already established that the client is the lowest cost producer, hence the costs cannot be lowered any further. Your solution will thus focus on increasing revenues. You can **decompose** revenues like so: Revenues = Price x Quantity.

Question 115

powodować, wywoływać

Answer 115

to induce In both cases complete access to general culture **induced** an explosion of intellectual creativity. The Jewish New Christians and their children in the early 16th Century embraced Christian thought and learning with the same kind of creative enthusiasm as assimilated Jews contributed to modernism in literature and theory between 1900 and 1940.

Question 116

differentiated

Answer 116

specjalistyczny; wyróżniający się Various other variants of a case like this can come up in an interview, for example when products are **differentiated** instead of commodities, or if the industry is a monopoly or an oligopoly.

Question 117

encounter

Answer 117

potyczka, spotkanie (np. drużyn sportowych) In late 2011, ExxonMobil announced plans to drill for oil in disputed land between Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq. Baghdad’s government, fearing the move could break up the country, threatened to eject the company from a big project near Basra, in the south. Exxon ignored the threat, knowing the **encounter** was a mismatch. Iraq’s revenue from oil sales that year amounted to about $80bn. Exxon’s revenue came in at more than $430bn.

Question 118

akumulacja

Answer 118

build-up “I had been over enthusiastic and aggressive, pushing the sales team too hard which led to a **build-up** of stocks in the channel,” he says.

Question 119

to dig deeper into something

Answer 119

zagłębić się mocniej w coś I peel open a pot of barbecue sauce, dip in a nugget and ask whether the company has **dug deeply** enough to be sure that Easterbrook’s alleged behaviour was the aberration it claims, rather than a reflection of a wider problem with the company’s culture.

Question 120

zatem

Answer 120

thus Netanyahu **thus** contradicts his original premise that the conversions were sincere. The crusade of Vincent Ferrer shows that preaching and persuasion led to the conversion of many Jews.

Question 121

niechęc; nienawiść

Answer 121

animus **Animus** against Jews was based purely on religious grounds. Baptism, as St. Vincent Ferrer pointed out, destroyed the Jew. There was no Jew left after conversion. According to principles that the popes reiterated repeatedly, converts were to be accepted without calumny.

Question 122

festival

Answer 122

święto Not only did actual converts (anusim) try with all their might to live as Jews, but even the children and the grandchildren of apostates who had forsaken Judaism of their own free will and choice were now inclined to retrace their steps. The conversos secretly visited their Jewish brethren in order to join them in celebrating the Jewish **festivals**.

Question 123

puchnąć

Answer 123

to bulge In the 15 years up to 2019, capital expenditure hit $350bn but output ended lower. The balance sheet **bulged**. From 2015, cash flow from operations struggled to cover the sum of the company’s market-leading capex plus its dividend.

Question 124

contest

Answer 124

walka; zawody; konkurs Video-streaming is a fight for supremacy between half a dozen firms. And cloud computing has become a fiercely **contested** market, too, as our analysis of the adventures of Microsoft shows.

Question 125

null and void

Answer 125

nieważny, nieprawomocny, bez mocy prawnej Any provision that is against the law is **null and void**.

Question 126

trochę mniej niż

Answer 126

just short of something Between 2008 and 2019, the two Chinese banks lent $462bn, **just short of** the $467bn extended by the World Bank, according to the Boston University data. In some years, lending by the Chinese policy banks was almost equivalent to that by all six of the world’s multilateral financial institutions — which along with the World Bank include the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the African Development Bank — put together.

Question 127

przeszkoda; utrudnienie

Answer 127

impediment The conversos often worked at the royal courts because their religion was no longer an **impediment** to putting their abilities to use as civil servants.

Question 128

snare

Answer 128

pułapka, sidła The average Christian believed he was ruled by a class of philosophical intellectuals who were nihilists and opportunists with no religious beliefs. Baer cites the saying, to be born and die; all the rest is a **snare** and a delusion, as epitomizing the beliefs of this class of convert.

Question 129

wyraźnie; znacznie

Answer 129

markedly In contrast, the top three countries in semiconductors and mobile communications increased their share of trade **markedly**.

Question 130

rozpowszechniać

Answer 130

to diffuse The BRI is generally seen as a huge Chinese programme to build roads, railways, ports, airports and other forms of infrastructure in mostly developing countries. But the BRI is also a means of **diffusing** Chinese technologies — and the standards they operate on — across the developing world by constructing what Beijing calls a “digital silk road”.

Question 131

efekt uboczny; skutek uboczny *cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially incurred or received by that producer*

Answer 131

externality The second change is the rising importance of **externalities**, costs that firms are responsible for but avoid paying. Today the value doctrine suggests you should load up on car firms and oil producers. But these firms’ prospects depend on the potential liability from their carbon footprint, the cost of which may rise as emissions rules tighten and carbon taxes spread.

Question 132

do pomijalnego poziomu; nieomal do zera

Answer 132

to the vanishing point The number of the Christianized Marranos was rising from generation to generation, while the number of clandestine Jews among them was rapidly dwindling **to the vanishing point**.

Question 133

thus

Answer 133

zatem Netanyahu **thus** contradicts his original premise that the conversions were sincere. The crusade of Vincent Ferrer shows that preaching and persuasion led to the conversion of many Jews.

Question 134

to fall off a cliff

Answer 134

ponieść fiasko The massive lending by Chinese financial institutions that supports the Belt and Road Initiative has **fallen off a cliff**. At the same time, Beijing finds itself mired in debt renegotiations with a host of countries.

Question 135

hotbed

Answer 135

gniazdo, legowisko (ośrodek czegoś) Regulators warned that it could threaten monetary stability and become a **hotbed** for laundering.

Question 136

rozterka, dylemat

Answer 136

quandary The **quandary** investors now face is this: Will global oil demand recover before electric vehicles, renewable power, and environmental regulations permanently dent the market for fossil fuels?

Question 137

downside risk

Answer 137

ryzyko potencjalnej straty; oszacowanie maksymalnych strat, jakie może ponieść firma, angażując się w dane przedsięwzięcie “Smart cities essentially increase the **downside risk** considerably of cyber intrusions or abuses, both in terms of data security and cyber security,” says Andrew Davenport, chief operating officer at RWR Advisory. “The cyber risk that is associated with entities that are subject to Chinese laws and governance structures is amplified in this environment.”

Question 138

podsycać; napędzać

Answer 138

to fuel As the flurry of manipulated but aspirational posts made people feel bad about their normal lives, Frier writes, “Instagram ended up **fuelling** a problem not just about truth in advertising, but about truth in life.

Question 139

zaledwie; nie dalej niż

Answer 139

as recently as Yet while Exxon plots more fossil fuel production it is also ploughing money into research on biofuels, which Mr Tillerson dismissed as “moonshine” **as recently as** 2007, and carbon capture techniques.

Question 140

to divest

Answer 140

sprzedać coś (np. firmę lub udziały) Maersk, a Danish shipping giant, for example, **divested** its oil and gas divisions, and is focusing on providing sustainable shipping solutions.

Question 141

bland

Answer 141

mdły; nijaki; bezbarwny A year into this **bland**-sounding regimen, he says stoically: “You get to know your way around the menu.”

Question 142

headline figures

Answer 142

dane podstawowe In America permanent job losses are mounting even as the **headline unemployment rate** falls. As more activity moves online, business will become more dominated by firms with the most advanced intellectual property and the biggest repositories of data; this year’s boom in technology stocks gives a sense of what is coming, as does the digital surge in the banking industry.

Question 143

expulsion

Answer 143

wypędzenie; wyparcie Race replaced religion as the source of the animosity, but now there was no instant theological cure, ie., baptism, for being of the wrong race. There was, in fact, no cure other than extermination or **expulsion**.

Question 144

tu: dość (np. dobry)

Answer 144

fairly What makes the situation even more challenging for investors are new questions about the direction of oil prices, which no longer follow the **fairly** predictable cycle of boom and bust that governed the industry for much of the past century.

Question 145

to fall under

Answer 145

podlegać czemuś (np. ustawie) They found that lending by the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China collapsed from a peak of $75bn in 2016 to just $4bn last year. The context around this is crucial. The two banks **fall under** the direct control of China’s state council (cabinet), so they function as arms of the state.

Question 146

pałeczka (przekazywana w czasie sztafety), pałeczka sztafetowa

Answer 146

baton “I’m actually quite happy about passing the **baton** to someone who I respect and who will do this job very, very well,” he says.

Question 147

otrzymać słabe karty, mieć pecha

Answer 147

to be dealt a bad hand Its samestore sales plunged 22 per cent in March, then 39 per cent in April. No McDonald’s boss has been **dealt a tougher hand**.

Question 148

to miss the forest for the trees

Answer 148

nie widzieć szerszego kontekstu But Mr Leggate says that the market is “**missing the woods for the trees**” by discounting the only company that will have capacity to boost production when oil prices rise.

Question 149

coś wart (zasługujący by nazwać go dobrym)

Answer 149

worth the name Yet the virus has exposed longer-term flaws in China’s economic apparatus. It has no safety-net **worth the name** and this year had to focus its stimulus on firms and infrastructure investment rather than shoring up household incomes.

Question 150

szarpnąć się (wydać więcej pieniędzy niż zwykle); zaszaleć (np. w zabawie)

Answer 150

to push the boat out “We should **push the boat out**,” I suggest, as we scan the bright digital menu screens, but I wonder how to do so. There are a couple of novelties (spicy Chicken McNuggets) but the menu hasn’t changed much since Ray Kroc died in 1984, 30 years after he went to sell Dick and Mac McDonald a milkshake mixer, taking the first step in the establishment of a global franchise.

Question 151

to concur

Answer 151

zgodzić się But say I had brought wine with me, I venture, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He **concurs** that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he gamely agrees.

Question 152

worth the name

Answer 152

coś wart (zasługujący by nazwać go dobrym) Yet the virus has exposed longer-term flaws in China’s economic apparatus. It has no safety-net **worth the name** and this year had to focus its stimulus on firms and infrastructure investment rather than shoring up household incomes.

Question 153

wzmacniać (np. sygnał); powiększać (np. obawy)

Answer 153

to amplify “Smart cities essentially increase the downside risk considerably of cyber intrusions or abuses, both in terms of data security and cyber security,” says Andrew Davenport, chief operating officer at RWR Advisory. “The cyber risk that is associated with entities that are subject to Chinese laws and governance structures is **amplified** in this environment.”

Question 154

rygorystyczny (o zasadzie), surowy (o przepisie)

Answer 154

stringent The bust that followed was a vindication of the **stringent** valuation methods pioneered in the 1930s by Benjamin Graham, the father of “value” investing, and popularised by Warren Buffett.

Question 155

gamely

Answer 155

odważnie But say I had brought wine with me, I venture, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He concurs that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he **gamely** agrees.

Question 156

cecha

Answer 156

feature Looking forward, such virtuous instincts can become a **feature** of our economic systems rather than a rare exception.

Question 157

powszechny

Answer 157

popular The challenge for democratic governments will be to adapt to all these changes while maintaining **popular** consent for their policies and for free markets.

Question 158

debt relief

Answer 158

umorzenie długu “Historically, most infrastructure booms have gone bust,” he adds. “Whether China can avert that fate may depend on its ability to renegotiate loans with countries now in urgent need of **debt relief**.

Question 159

learned

Answer 159

uczony Cantor says not only were the great majority of Jewish converts sincere, but from among **learned** and aristocratic New Christian families came some of the greatest names in early 16th Century Spanish ecclesiastical and cultural history.

Question 160

detrimental

Answer 160

szkodliwy The very openness of Spanish Society, though favorable in the short run, was ultimately **detrimental** to the status of the converted Jews.

Question 161

high regard

Answer 161

wielki szacunek; wysoka ocena “I think it’s safe to say that, you know, Steve was a supremely talented executive who behaved very badly,” he continues. “There was no flinching about it,” he says, but for a protégé who held Easterbrook in **high regard**, “it was disappointing, and it just hit”.

Question 162

podlegać czemuś (np. ustawie)

Answer 162

to fall under They found that lending by the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China collapsed from a peak of $75bn in 2016 to just $4bn last year. The context around this is crucial. The two banks **fall under** the direct control of China’s state council (cabinet), so they function as arms of the state.

Question 163

to diffuse

Answer 163

rozpowszechniać The BRI is generally seen as a huge Chinese programme to build roads, railways, ports, airports and other forms of infrastructure in mostly developing countries. But the BRI is also a means of **diffusing** Chinese technologies — and the standards they operate on — across the developing world by constructing what Beijing calls a “digital silk road”.

Question 164

palate

Answer 164

podniebienie; smak These flavours have been imprinted on my **palate** over countless children’s parties and latenight snacks. Each product is a dietary default, so popular that it defines its category.

Question 165

podniecenie, wielkie podekscytowanie

Answer 165

sizzle Kempczinski, too, has achieved his success with more consistency than **sizzle**. With one wife, two kids and a goldendoodle, the clean-cut Ohioan seems cast to preach an ethics message.

Question 166

skrajny; największy

Answer 166

utmost A parody of a royal document, it purports to confer privileges on a knight of old Christian descent to henceforth live like a Marrano. He could now advise the country's rulers and by his wicked counsel to lead them into the paths of licentiousness, lust and oppression of their poor subjects and to derive from all this the **utmost** possible advantages for himself.

Question 167

to make inroads in something

Answer 167

czynić w czymś postępy Alibaba’s and Tencent’s cloud arms dominate in China and are **making some inroads** elsewhere in Asia. Europe is so anxious about American firms that it has launched a statebacked rival, called Gaia-x.

Question 168

wildcat

Answer 168

ryzykowny, odkrywkowy *(used to refer to a search for oil in a new area without knowing if any will be found, or if a profit can be made from it)* As **wildcat** drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 169

fairly

Answer 169

tu: dość (np. dobry) What makes the situation even more challenging for investors are new questions about the direction of oil prices, which no longer follow the **fairly** predictable cycle of boom and bust that governed the industry for much of the past century.

Question 170

być owiany tajemnicą

Answer 170

shrouded in secrecy Military-civil fusion is a plan to use the best of civilian research and development to bolster the technological capacities of the People’s Liberation Army. The drive is led by Mr Xi himself, who heads the Commission for Military- Civil Fusion Development. It is believed to target civilian advances in “dual use” areas such as quantum computing, big data, semiconductors, 5G and AI, but concrete initiatives are **shrouded in secrecy**.

Question 171

dane podstawowe

Answer 171

headline figures In America permanent job losses are mounting even as the **headline unemployment rate** falls. As more activity moves online, business will become more dominated by firms with the most advanced intellectual property and the biggest repositories of data; this year’s boom in technology stocks gives a sense of what is coming, as does the digital surge in the banking industry.

Question 172

build-up

Answer 172

akumulacja “I had been over enthusiastic and aggressive, pushing the sales team too hard which led to a **build-up** of stocks in the channel,” he says.

Question 173

ujemny

Answer 173

negative This April, the pandemic briefly led U.S. oil prices to fall into **negative** territory for the first time ever. So much oil backed up in storage that investors literally paid people to take it off their hands.

Question 174

to shatter

Answer 174

zniszczyć Even before coronavirus **shattered** the global oil industry, Exxon, once the world’s most valuable company by market capitalisation, was struggling.

Question 175

być w niełasce

Answer 175

to be in the doghouse Wells Fargo’s struggle to escape the **doghouse** is not over yet.

Question 176

to groom

Answer 176

przygotowywać (np. do ważnych egzaminów) For the first time in the group’s 111-year history, L’Oréal named a woman, Barbara Lavernos, as deputy chief executive, a post that has **groomed** past CEOs.

Question 177

stringent

Answer 177

rygorystyczny (o zasadzie), surowy (o przepisie) The bust that followed was a vindication of the **stringent** valuation methods pioneered in the 1930s by Benjamin Graham, the father of “value” investing, and popularised by Warren Buffett.

Question 178

out of hand

Answer 178

od ręki (np. odrzucić jakiś pomysł) He fails to see that justifying false conversion lends credence to the anti-Semites. First, it ignores the many sincere conversions. Roth and the Spanish anti-Semites dismiss the possibility of sincere conversion **out of hand**.

Question 179

markedly

Answer 179

wyraźnie; znacznie In contrast, the top three countries in semiconductors and mobile communications increased their share of trade **markedly**.

Question 180

ongoing

Answer 180

trwały; stały “But as we look closely at the facts and the various expert assessments, we conclude that the needs of society will drive more energy use in the years ahead — and an **ongoing** need for the products we produce.”

Question 181

odważnie

Answer 181

gamely But say I had brought wine with me, I venture, am I right in thinking that New Jersey’s laws would let us drink it? He concurs that they would, so I push my bucket-sized Coke to one side and pull the bottle from my bag. “I’ll join you,” he **gamely** agrees.

Question 182

plan generalny, plan ogólny

Answer 182

master plan The Chinese government is working towards a standards **master plan** — China Standards 2035 — which Beijing was expected to publish before the end of this year. The strategy is expected to set out standardisation goals for crucial next-generation technologies.

Question 183

as recently as

Answer 183

zaledwie; nie dalej niż Yet while Exxon plots more fossil fuel production it is also ploughing money into research on biofuels, which Mr Tillerson dismissed as “moonshine” **as recently as** 2007, and carbon capture techniques.

Question 184

ponieść fiasko

Answer 184

to fall off a cliff The massive lending by Chinese financial institutions that supports the Belt and Road Initiative has **fallen off a cliff**. At the same time, Beijing finds itself mired in debt renegotiations with a host of countries.

Question 185

unscrupulous

Answer 185

nie mający skrupułów, nie przebierający w środkach The rabbis played into the hands of racists when they collaborated with **unscrupulous** Spanish politicians to allow false conversion.

Question 186

przez następne lata

Answer 186

for years to come Exxon Mobil Corp. continues to invest in increasing oil production and has said it believes oil demand will increase **for years to come**. BP PLC, by contrast, believes demand may already have peaked and plans to reduce its oil and gas production by 40% over the next decade as it pivots to green energy.

Question 187

discord

Answer 187

niezgoda And the same political system that enabled our global progress and democracy after World War II now contributes to societal **discord** and discontent. Each was well intended but had unintended negative consequences.

Question 188

wzdrygać się

Answer 188

to flinch “I think it’s safe to say that, you know, Steve was a supremely talented executive who behaved very badly,” he continues. “There was no **flinching** about it,” he says, but for a protégé who held Easterbrook in high regard, “it was disappointing, and it just hit”.

Question 189

relief

Answer 189

tu: pomoc; inne: ulga If China is unable or unwilling to provide sufficient **relief** to its borrowers, it could find itself at the centre of a debt crisis in developing markets.” The data that describes China’s predicament comes from researchers at Boston University who maintain an independent database on China’s overseas development finance.

Question 190

obrzydliwy

Answer 190

abominable Very many of the Jews who, some time ago, were promoted to the Christian faith, are now not only known to blaspheme Christ and perform Jewish rites, they are also presumed to practice the **abominable** circumcisions.

Question 191

to stammer

Answer 191

jąkać się “I mean, for me, I think what I was proud of was our board, in my experience, has always made the right but sometimes tough decision,” Kempczinski **stammers**, his speech pattern betraying his discomfort.

Question 192

instrukcja; zbiór strategii biznesowych lub kampanii politycznej; podręcznik

Answer 192

playbook “The Chinese government has been actively promoting its internet and cyber governance **playbook** in many developing countries, most recently by leveraging 5G connectivity and smart city projects along the digital silk road,” says Rebecca Arcesati, an analyst at Merics, a Berlin-based think-tank.

Question 193

być fanem czegoś

Answer 193

to be big on something At PepsiCo he drank his way through gallons of Aquafina water and Lipton tea. At Kraft, he says, “I **wasn’t big on** Miracle Whip. But I ate a ton of mac and cheese.”

Question 194

nonsens; bimber

Answer 194

moonshine Yet while Exxon plots more fossil fuel production it is also ploughing money into research on biofuels, which Mr Tillerson dismissed as “**moonshine**” as recently as 2007, and carbon capture techniques.

Question 195

pozór

Answer 195

appearance Cecil Roth says the opposite. Although within a generation or two, the Marranos became assimilated enough, Roth feels **appearances** were deceiving.

Question 196

ill-conceived

Answer 196

nieprzemyślany Overall, though, China’s rethink betrays a tacit recognition that its overseas lending bonanza has been **ill-conceived**. Photographs from the 2017 Belt and Road Forum for International Co-operation — the venue at which Mr Xi declared his “project of the century” ambition — hint at what would become the programme’s fatal flaw.

Question 197

to bounce back

Answer 197

pozbierać się, dojść do siebie, wrócić do normy That is not a concern for China, which so far seems to be emerging from the pandemic strongest—at least in the short run. Its economy has **bounced back** quickly.

Question 198

to throng

Answer 198

tłoczyć (się), gromadzić (się), zapełniać (jakieś miejsce) Although their worldly success was phenomenal, and they almost controlled the economic life of the country and made fabulous fortunes as bankers and merchants, and **thronged** the liberal professions, even attaining high rank in the Church, the vast majority of the Conversos remained faithful at heart to the religion of their fathers.

Question 199

tu: krąg (ludzi)

Answer 199

quarter In Washington, the battle over technology standards is seen in some **quarters** as crucial to defending democracy from China’s influence, which Madeleine Albright, a former secretary of state, describes as “the world’s leading pioneer of what we call techno-authoritarianism”.

Question 200

potwierdzenie; rehabilitacja

Answer 200

vindication The bust that followed was a **vindication** of the stringent valuation methods pioneered in the 1930s by Benjamin Graham, the father of “value” investing, and popularised by Warren Buffett.

Question 201

to be big on something

Answer 201

być fanem czegoś At PepsiCo he drank his way through gallons of Aquafina water and Lipton tea. At Kraft, he says, “I **wasn’t big on** Miracle Whip. But I ate a ton of mac and cheese.”

Question 202

the how and why of something

Answer 202

metody i zasady działania czegoś For others, digital refers to the use of online tools and technologies to make process changes, or performance improvements, or to pursue organizational transformation. For still others, it’s an excuse to question **the how and the why of** their core business.

Question 203

pułapka, sidła

Answer 203

snare The average Christian believed he was ruled by a class of philosophical intellectuals who were nihilists and opportunists with no religious beliefs. Baer cites the saying, to be born and die; all the rest is a **snare** and a delusion, as epitomizing the beliefs of this class of convert.

Question 204

rozkładać na części składowe; gnić

Answer 204

to decompose We have already established that the client is the lowest cost producer, hence the costs cannot be lowered any further. Your solution will thus focus on increasing revenues. You can **decompose** revenues like so: Revenues = Price x Quantity.

Question 205

od ręki (np. odrzucić jakiś pomysł)

Answer 205

out of hand He fails to see that justifying false conversion lends credence to the anti-Semites. First, it ignores the many sincere conversions. Roth and the Spanish anti-Semites dismiss the possibility of sincere conversion **out of hand**.

Question 206

indelible

Answer 206

niezmywalny It was the first racially based pogrom in the history of Christendom; it marked the entry of racism into European history: the hatred which of old had been merely a matter of religion had become a matter of race. The one could be conjured away by baptism; the other was **indelible** and the change was of the most serious import, exercising for centuries its sinister influence on the fate of the Peninsula.

Question 207

podmuch (deszczu, śniegu); tuman; nagłe ożywienie

Answer 207

flurry As the **flurry** of manipulated but aspirational posts made people feel bad about their normal lives, Frier writes, “Instagram ended up fuelling a problem not just about truth in advertising, but about truth in life.

Question 208

wstręt; odraza

Answer 208

abhorrence As apostate Jews, in many cases, they lavished hate and contempt on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular **abhorrence** of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 209

to purvey

Answer 209

zaopatrywać According to the Acts of the financial administration of Castile Jews controlled about two-thirds of the indirect taxes and customs within the country, on the frontier and at the ports. Occasionally, in conjunction with taxfarming, Jews also engaged in **purveying** grain, arms and clothing for the army that was then fighting with the Moslems.

Question 210

master plan

Answer 210

plan generalny, plan ogólny The Chinese government is working towards a standards **master plan** — China Standards 2035 — which Beijing was expected to publish before the end of this year. The strategy is expected to set out standardisation goals for crucial next-generation technologies.

Question 211

clandestine

Answer 211

tajny The number of the Christianized Marranos was rising from generation to generation, while the number of **clandestine** Jews among them was rapidly dwindling to the vanishing point.

Question 212

impediment

Answer 212

przeszkoda; utrudnienie The conversos often worked at the royal courts because their religion was no longer an **impediment** to putting their abilities to use as civil servants.

Question 213

sprzedać coś (np. firmę lub udziały)

Answer 213

to divest Maersk, a Danish shipping giant, for example, **divested** its oil and gas divisions, and is focusing on providing sustainable shipping solutions.

Question 214

działalność wywrotowa

Answer 214

subversion The only Jew ostracized by the synagogue was the sincere convert. The liar and dissembler were tolerated tacitly, in violation of the teaching of Moses and the scriptural principle articulated in the Book of Maccabees. As a result, the rabbis and unscrupulous anti-Semitic Christian politicians collaborated in creating an atmosphere where **subversion** flourished.

Question 215

unequivocal

Answer 215

jednoznaczny Mr Diess demands **unequivocal** backing from the board so that he can fulfil his mission to cut vw’s bloated workforce and boost profitability (which is lagging far behind Audi and Porsche, the stars of the group).

Question 216

umorzenie długu

Answer 216

debt relief “Historically, most infrastructure booms have gone bust,” he adds. “Whether China can avert that fate may depend on its ability to renegotiate loans with countries now in urgent need of **debt relief**.

Question 217

disposed

Answer 217

usposobiony; nastawiony do czegoś The Jews were initially well-**disposed** to the marriage.

Question 218

just short of something

Answer 218

trochę mniej niż Between 2008 and 2019, the two Chinese banks lent $462bn, **just short of** the $467bn extended by the World Bank, according to the Boston University data. In some years, lending by the Chinese policy banks was almost equivalent to that by all six of the world’s multilateral financial institutions — which along with the World Bank include the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the African Development Bank — put together.

Question 219

okres

Answer 219

spell As office workers continue to work in their kitchens and bedrooms for at least part of the week, lower-paid workers who previously toiled as waiters, cleaners and sales assistants will need to find new jobs in the suburbs. Until they do, they could face long **spells** of unemployment.

Question 220

abhorrence

Answer 220

wstręt; odraza As apostate Jews, in many cases, they lavished hate and contempt on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular **abhorrence** of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 221

virtuous

Answer 221

cnotliwy; prawy Looking forward, such **virtuous** instincts can become a feature of our economic systems rather than a rare exception.

Question 222

playbook

Answer 222

instrukcja; zbiór strategii biznesowych lub kampanii politycznej; podręcznik “The Chinese government has been actively promoting its internet and cyber governance **playbook** in many developing countries, most recently by leveraging 5G connectivity and smart city projects along the digital silk road,” says Rebecca Arcesati, an analyst at Merics, a Berlin-based think-tank.

Question 223

mnich

Answer 223

friar The mendicant **friars**, though, continued to preach sermon after sermon against Judaism and the Judaizers, urging the faithful to take matters into their own hands.

Question 224

ryzykowny, odkrywkowy

Answer 224

wildcat *used to refer to a search for oil in a new area without knowing if any will be found, or if a profit can be made from it* As **wildcat** drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 225

to struggle

Answer 225

borykać się z problemami Even before coronavirus shattered the global oil industry, Exxon, once the world’s most valuable company by market capitalisation, was **struggling**.

Question 226

potyczka, spotkanie (np. drużyn sportowych)

Answer 226

encounter In late 2011, ExxonMobil announced plans to drill for oil in disputed land between Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq. Baghdad’s government, fearing the move could break up the country, threatened to eject the company from a big project near Basra, in the south. Exxon ignored the threat, knowing the **encounter** was a mismatch. Iraq’s revenue from oil sales that year amounted to about $80bn. Exxon’s revenue came in at more than $430bn.

Question 227

to renounce

Answer 227

wyrzec się The early Church was split over whether Christians who **renounced** the faith during the Roman persecutions should be readmitted to the Church.

Question 228

to yawn

Answer 228

tu: stworzyć przepaść; inne: ziewać In global development finance, such a sharp scaling back of lending by the Chinese banks amounts to an earthquake. If it persists, it will exacerbate an infrastructure funding gap that in Asia alone already amounts to $907bn a year, according to Asian Development Bank estimates. In Africa and Latin America — where Chinese credit has also formed a big part of infrastructure financing — the gap between what is required and what is available is also expected to **yawn** wider.

Question 229

abominable

Answer 229

obrzydliwy Very many of the Jews who, some time ago, were promoted to the Christian faith, are now not only known to blaspheme Christ and perform Jewish rites, they are also presumed to practice the **abominable** circumcisions.

Question 230

boom and bust

Answer 230

koniunktura What makes the situation even more challenging for investors are new questions about the direction of oil prices, which no longer follow the fairly predictable cycle of **boom and bust** that governed the industry for much of the past century.

Question 231

osiągnąć (wynik)

Answer 231

to hit In the 15 years up to 2019, capital expenditure **hit** $350bn but output ended lower. The balance sheet bulged. From 2015, cash flow from operations struggled to cover the sum of the company’s market-leading capex plus its dividend.

Question 232

to lend credence to something

Answer 232

uprawdopodobnić coś, uwiarygodnić coś, He fails to see that justifying false conversion **lends credence to** the anti-Semites. First, it ignores the many sincere conversions. Roth and the Spanish anti-Semites dismiss the possibility of sincere conversion out of hand.

Question 233

jednoznaczny

Answer 233

unequivocal Mr Diess demands **unequivocal** backing from the board so that he can fulfil his mission to cut vw’s bloated workforce and boost profitability (which is lagging far behind Audi and Porsche, the stars of the group).

Question 234

mismatch

Answer 234

źle dobrany; niedopasowany In late 2011, ExxonMobil announced plans to drill for oil in disputed land between Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq. Baghdad’s government, fearing the move could break up the country, threatened to eject the company from a big project near Basra, in the south. Exxon ignored the threat, knowing the encounter was a **mismatch**. Iraq’s revenue from oil sales that year amounted to about $80bn. Exxon’s revenue came in at more than $430bn.

Question 235

feature

Answer 235

cecha Looking forward, such virtuous instincts can become a **feature** of our economic systems rather than a rare exception.

Question 236

rozwiewać (np. wątpliwości, obawy); łagodzić

Answer 236

to allay Forced conversion strengthened the suspicions it was supposed to **allay**, and turned a difficult issue into an impossible one. And the rabbis were instrumental in strengthening the suspicions of the racially minded. Jews were regarded as a fifth column within the state, and conversos were regarded, because of the very conversion that was forced on them, as an even more dangerous fifth column within the Church.

Question 237

coercion

Answer 237

przymus The Infante Don Alfonso summarized the situation when criticizing conversions [which] resulted from overt pressure and **coercion**.'

Question 238

przygotowywać (np. do ważnych egzaminów)

Answer 238

to groom For the first time in the group’s 111-year history, L’Oréal named a woman, Barbara Lavernos, as deputy chief executive, a post that has **groomed** past CEOs.

Question 239

elegancki

Answer 239

clean-cut Kempczinski, too, has achieved his success with more consistency than sizzle. With one wife, two kids and a goldendoodle, the **clean-cut** Ohioan seems cast to preach an ethics message.

Question 240

wyrzec się

Answer 240

to renounce The early Church was split over whether Christians who **renounced** the faith during the Roman persecutions should be readmitted to the Church.

Question 241

what the future holds

Answer 241

co przyniesie przyszłość Even before the pandemic sapped the world’s thirst for fuel, the future of the fossil-fuel industry was already under threat due to the rise of electric cars, the proliferation of renewable energy and growing consciousness about the long-term impact of climate change. The biggest oil companies increasingly disagree on **what the future holds**.

Question 242

problem

Answer 242

issue The Jews who submitted to baptism were no longer subject to the head tax. They were also, as Christians, qualified for governmental office. Race was not an **issue**.

Question 243

to broach

Answer 243

poruszyć (np. wstydliwy temat) In the 2014 film Kingsman, Samuel L Jackson tells Colin Firth that a McDonald’s cheeseburger “goes great with this ’45 Lafite”. The cheapest bottle of that vintage I could find is $2,999, so I grabbed a 2018 Josh Cellars Cabernet from home instead. I pour it into the two plastic cups I have brought, confirm that it helps the burger go down, and **broach** a more awkward subject.

Question 244

nastąpić zaraz po czymś

Answer 244

to come on top of something Indeed, the bad news related to COVID-19 **came on top of** the enormous economic, environmental, social and political challenges we were already facing before the pandemic.

Question 245

to allay

Answer 245

rozwiewać (np. wątpliwości, obawy); łagodzić Forced conversion strengthened the suspicions it was supposed to **allay**, and turned a difficult issue into an impossible one. And the rabbis were instrumental in strengthening the suspicions of the racially minded. Jews were regarded as a fifth column within the state, and conversos were regarded, because of the very conversion that was forced on them, as an even more dangerous fifth column within the Church.

Question 246

śmierdzieć czymś

Answer 246

to reek of something But the bumper price **reeked of** panic. Return on capital employed dropped from more than 30 per cent in 2008 to single digits in 2014. The production growth promised by Mr Tillerson failed to materialise.

Question 247

tajny

Answer 247

clandestine The number of the Christianized Marranos was rising from generation to generation, while the number of **clandestine** Jews among them was rapidly dwindling to the vanishing point.

Question 248

nieważny, nieprawomocny, bez mocy prawnej

Answer 248

null and void Any provision that is against the law is **null and void**.

Question 249

moonshine

Answer 249

nonsens; bimber Yet while Exxon plots more fossil fuel production it is also ploughing money into research on biofuels, which Mr Tillerson dismissed as “**moonshine**” as recently as 2007, and carbon capture techniques.

Question 250

hojnie rozdawać, nie szczędzić (np. pochwał, uczucia)

Answer 250

to lavish As apostate Jews, in many cases, they **lavished** hate and contempt on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular abhorrence of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 251

contempt

Answer 251

pogarda As apostate Jews, in many cases, they lavished hate and **contempt** on those who remained Jews. It proved impossible to stimulate popular abhorrence of the Jew without also stimulating the envy and jealousy excited by the ostentation and arrogance of the New Christians.

Question 252

prize

Answer 252

tu: zdobycz, łup Thus smart cities, which automate multiple municipal functions, represent a big **prize** for China’s standards drive. “China is setting standards from the bottom up through widespread export and foreign adoption of its technology,” says Jonathan Hillman, an analyst at CSIS, a Washington-based think-tank.

Question 253

borykać się z problemami

Answer 253

to struggle Even before coronavirus shattered the global oil industry, Exxon, once the world’s most valuable company by market capitalisation, was **struggling**.

Question 254

drive

Answer 254

kampania; akcja Military-civil fusion is a plan to use the best of civilian research and development to bolster the technological capacities of the People’s Liberation Army. The **drive** is led by Mr Xi himself, who heads the Commission for Military- Civil Fusion Development. It is believed to target civilian advances in “dual use” areas such as quantum computing, big data, semiconductors, 5G and AI, but concrete initiatives are shrouded in secrecy.

Question 255

jawny

Answer 255

overt The Infante Don Alfonso summarized the situation when criticizing conversions [which] resulted from **overt** pressure and coercion.'

Question 256

to fraternise

Answer 256

bratać się The first Kempczinski heard about his mentor’s career-ending breach of **fraternisation** policies was when he came home from a run to discover a missed call from McDonald’s chairman and a text from its chief financial officer asking, in capital letters, where he was.

Question 257

animus

Answer 257

niechęc; nienawiść **Animus** against Jews was based purely on religious grounds. Baptism, as St. Vincent Ferrer pointed out, destroyed the Jew. There was no Jew left after conversion. According to principles that the popes reiterated repeatedly, converts were to be accepted without calumny.

Question 258

uprawdopodobnić coś, uwiarygodnić coś,

Answer 258

to lend credence to something He fails to see that justifying false conversion **lends credence to** the anti-Semites. First, it ignores the many sincere conversions. Roth and the Spanish anti-Semites dismiss the possibility of sincere conversion out of hand.

Question 259

shrouded in secrecy

Answer 259

być owiany tajemnicą Military-civil fusion is a plan to use the best of civilian research and development to bolster the technological capacities of the People’s Liberation Army. The drive is led by Mr Xi himself, who heads the Commission for Military- Civil Fusion Development. It is believed to target civilian advances in “dual use” areas such as quantum computing, big data, semiconductors, 5G and AI, but concrete initiatives are **shrouded in secrecy**.

Question 260

to flinch

Answer 260

wzdrygać się “I think it’s safe to say that, you know, Steve was a supremely talented executive who behaved very badly,” he continues. “There was no **flinching** about it,” he says, but for a protégé who held Easterbrook in high regard, “it was disappointing, and it just hit”.

Question 261

to play into somebody's hands

Answer 261

ułatwiać komuś zadanie, działać na czyjąś korzyść, być wodą na młyn The rabbis **played into the hands of** racists when they collaborated with unscrupulous Spanish politicians to allow false conversion.

Question 262

niezmywalny

Answer 262

indelible It was the first racially based pogrom in the history of Christendom; it marked the entry of racism into European history: the hatred which of old had been merely a matter of religion had become a matter of race. The one could be conjured away by baptism; the other was **indelible** and the change was of the most serious import, exercising for centuries its sinister influence on the fate of the Peninsula.

Question 263

podniebienie; smak

Answer 263

palate These flavours have been imprinted on my **palate** over countless children’s parties and latenight snacks. Each product is a dietary default, so popular that it defines its category.

Question 264

święto

Answer 264

festival Not only did actual converts (anusim) try with all their might to live as Jews, but even the children and the grandchildren of apostates who had forsaken Judaism of their own free will and choice were now inclined to retrace their steps. The conversos secretly visited their Jewish brethren in order to join them in celebrating the Jewish **festivals**.

Question 265

gniazdo, legowisko (ośrodek czegoś)

Answer 265

hotbed Regulators warned that it could threaten monetary stability and become a **hotbed** for laundering.

Question 266

lead time

Answer 266

czas realizacji Businesses that successfully implemented a lean, global model of manufacturing achieved improvements in indicators such as inventory levels, on-time-in-full deliveries, and shorter **lead times**.

Question 267

to clobber

Answer 267

uderzyć Debt renegotiations have proliferated as the pandemic has **clobbered** emerging economies in Africa and elsewhere. A report by Rhodium Group, a consultancy, says at least 18 processes of debt renegotiation with China have taken place in 2020 and 12 countries were still in talks with Beijing as of the end of September, covering $28bn in Chinese loans.

Question 268

niezgodnie z czymś

Answer 268

out of step with something While breeding “disquiet” may seem **out of step with** the softer, more inclusive management styles at many other big corporations, Mr Agon defends his methods.

Question 269

podstawa

Answer 269

bedrock Strategic competition between the US and China raises the spectre of a fragmentation of standards that creates a new technological divide. Mr Segal says it is possible, for example, that 5G mobile telecoms — a **bedrock** technology that enables the “internet of things” — may be divided into two competing stacks.

Question 270

otworzyć coś na siłe

Answer 270

tu bust open something As wildcat drillers in the US were **busting open** a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon demurred, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 271

wykorzystanie mocy produkcyjnych

Answer 271

capacity utilization Using this diagram, you should make the recommendation to the client to decrease its **capacity utilization**. This will cause the supply curve to shift towards the left, increasing the market clearing price from P1 to P2.

Question 272

utmost

Answer 272

skrajny; największy A parody of a royal document, it purports to confer privileges on a knight of old Christian descent to henceforth live like a Marrano. He could now advise the country's rulers and by his wicked counsel to lead them into the paths of licentiousness, lust and oppression of their poor subjects and to derive from all this the **utmost** possible advantages for himself.

Question 273

poradzić sobie z czymś; ogarnąć coś

Answer 273

to get a handle on This report explores the rebalancing act facing many companies in goods-producing value chains as they seek to **get a handle on** risk.

Question 274

popular

Answer 274

powszechny The challenge for democratic governments will be to adapt to all these changes while maintaining **popular** consent for their policies and for free markets.

Question 275

postanawiać, zdecydować się

Answer 275

to resolve I had planned on a Big Mac but I am swayed by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and **resolve** to return for the hot caramel sundae.

Question 276

clean-cut

Answer 276

elegancki Kempczinski, too, has achieved his success with more consistency than sizzle. With one wife, two kids and a goldendoodle, the **clean-cut** Ohioan seems cast to preach an ethics message.

Question 277

zabrać się za robienie czegoś

Answer 277

to go about Based on your proposed approach, how would you **go about** conducting the analysis and gathering the information required?

Question 278

sundae

Answer 278

deser lodowy I had planned on a Big Mac but I am swayed by a poster advertising the “New! Hotter & Juicier” Quarter Pounder. I order it with a side of nuggets, accept the suggestion of a large fries and Coke and resolve to return for the hot caramel **sundae**.

Question 279

zagłębić się mocniej w coś

Answer 279

to dig deeper into something I peel open a pot of barbecue sauce, dip in a nugget and ask whether the company has **dug deeply** enough to be sure that Easterbrook’s alleged behaviour was the aberration it claims, rather than a reflection of a wider problem with the company’s culture.

Question 280

to embrace

Answer 280

przyjąć coś (np. pomysł) The concept had been **embraced** by the U.S. Business Roundtable—a major Washingtonbased lobbying group of U.S. firms— just months earlier.

Question 281

duress

Answer 281

przymus Conspicuous by its absence from Netanyahu's book is any consideration of rabbinic theology on the issue of conversion under **duress**.

Question 282

podobno; rzekomo

Answer 282

reputedly Because of the large number of converted Jews prominent in Spain, it was **reputedly** more secular than renaissance Italy.

Question 283

nie mający skrupułów, nie przebierający w środkach

Answer 283

unscrupulous The rabbis played into the hands of racists when they collaborated with **unscrupulous** Spanish politicians to allow false conversion.

Question 284

baton

Answer 284

pałeczka (przekazywana w czasie sztafety), pałeczka sztafetowa “I’m actually quite happy about passing the **baton** to someone who I respect and who will do this job very, very well,” he says.

Question 285

vindication

Answer 285

potwierdzenie; rehabilitacja The bust that followed was a **vindication** of the stringent valuation methods pioneered in the 1930s by Benjamin Graham, the father of “value” investing, and popularised by Warren Buffett.

Question 286

stack

Answer 286

sterta, stos Strategic competition between the US and China raises the spectre of a fragmentation of standards that creates a new technological divide. Mr Segal says it is possible, for example, that 5G mobile telecoms — a bedrock technology that enables the “internet of things” — may be divided into two competing **stacks**.

Question 287

zagraniczny

Answer 287

overseas What was conceived as the world’s biggest development programme is unravelling into what could become China’s first **overseas** debt crisis.

Question 288

bratać się

Answer 288

to fraternise The first Kempczinski heard about his mentor’s career-ending breach of **fraternisation** policies was when he came home from a run to discover a missed call from McDonald’s chairman and a text from its chief financial officer asking, in capital letters, where he was.

Question 289

conspicuous

Answer 289

spektakularny; rzucający się w oczy **Conspicuous** by its absence from Netanyahu's book is any consideration of rabbinic theology on the issue of conversion under duress.

Question 290

overseas

Answer 290

zagraniczny What was conceived as the world’s biggest development programme is unravelling into what could become China’s first **overseas** debt crisis.

Question 291

koniunktura

Answer 291

boom and bust What makes the situation even more challenging for investors are new questions about the direction of oil prices, which no longer follow the fairly predictable cycle of **boom and bust** that governed the industry for much of the past century.

Question 292

for years to come

Answer 292

przez następne lata Exxon Mobil Corp. continues to invest in increasing oil production and has said it believes oil demand will increase **for years to come**. BP PLC, by contrast, believes demand may already have peaked and plans to reduce its oil and gas production by 40% over the next decade as it pivots to green energy.

Question 293

zacząć działać; zacząć odnosić sukcesy

Answer 293

to get off the ground If the idea **gets off the ground** it could directly benefit State Grid, which is the global leader in making ultra-high voltage transmission lines.

Question 294

najbardziej prawdopodobny przypadek

Answer 294

base-case *The financial results from the base case should be better than those from conservative scenarios, but worse than those from upside cases.* That is, evaluate digital projects and strategies based on the cash flows they are expected to gen­erate, making sure to factor in “do nothing” or **base-case** scenarios as well as the overarching objectives of the digital project or strategy being proposed.

Question 295

zaopatrywać

Answer 295

to purvey According to the Acts of the financial administration of Castile Jews controlled about two-thirds of the indirect taxes and customs within the country, on the frontier and at the ports. Occasionally, in conjunction with taxfarming, Jews also engaged in **purveying** grain, arms and clothing for the army that was then fighting with the Moslems.

Question 296

to get a handle on

Answer 296

poradzić sobie z czymś; ogarnąć coś This report explores the rebalancing act facing many companies in goods-producing value chains as they seek to **get a handle on** risk.

Question 297

out of step with something

Answer 297

niezgodnie z czymś While breeding “disquiet” may seem **out of step with** the softer, more inclusive management styles at many other big corporations, Mr Agon defends his methods.

Question 298

bedrock

Answer 298

podstawa Strategic competition between the US and China raises the spectre of a fragmentation of standards that creates a new technological divide. Mr Segal says it is possible, for example, that 5G mobile telecoms — a **bedrock** technology that enables the “internet of things” — may be divided into two competing stacks.

Question 299

odmawiać, sprzeciwiać (się)

Answer 299

to demur As wildcat drillers in the US were busting open a century’s worth of new shale gas reserves — the start of a supply revolution that would turn the global energy market on its head — Exxon **demurred**, backing big capital projects overseas instead.

Question 300

metody i zasady działania czegoś

Answer 300

the how and why of something For others, digital refers to the use of online tools and technologies to make process changes, or performance improvements, or to pursue organizational transformation. For still others, it’s an excuse to question **the how and the why of** their core business.