Deck no. 17 Flashcards

Question

nabrać tempa

Answer 1

to kick into high gear Despite almost twentyfive years of significant economic progress by China, beginning in 1976, it was only in 2002 that U.S.-China bilateral trade and investment codependence **kicked into high gear**.

Answer 2

tu: dopiero Despite almost twentyfive years of significant economic progress by China, beginning in 1976, it was **only** in 2002 that U.S.-China bilateral trade and investment codependence kicked into high gear.

Answer 3

breed But there, the challenge happened inside them, with a new **breed** of politicians defeating the old party aristocracies.

Answer 4

odwilż The **thaw** in markets meant the Fed spent only about $13 billion of the up to $750 billion it had designated for corporate bond and ETF buying.

Answer 5

stride Consumer Reports reached a damning conclusion after testing Tesla’s automated features this month: “Though it has made significant **strides** in automated driving, owners should not rely on Tesla’s driver assistance features to necessarily add safety or to make driving easier.”

Answer 6

to give way First, fears about fossil- fuel scarcity **have given way to** an acknowledgment of their abundance. Not least because of what has been achieved in America, the energy industry now knows that it will be lack of demand, not lack of supply, which will cause production of oil, coal and, later, gas to dwindle.

Answer 7

covenant And earlier in the summer, Tiffany overhauled terms with its lenders to make sure a **covenant** breach couldn’t be used against it.

Answer 8

mainland But if companies that once used the **mainland** to make goods for export do decide to depart in significant numbers, it will represent a major reversal of five decades of economic integration between the US and China.

Answer 9

przejechać się, odbyć przejażdżkę A recent video of Elon Musk **taking a spin** in a new all-electric Volkswagen with Herbert Diess, the German carmaker’s boss, set tongues wagging. VW was forced to deny that a deal with Tesla was in the offing.

Answer 10

to be in the black But it has only made it **into the black** in the past two quarters thanks to sales of regulatory credits to other car groups to cover their lack of electric vehicle sales — a source of revenue that Tesla admits it cannot rely on in the long term.

Answer 11

punkt początkowy, faza początkowa szybkiego wzrostu i rozwoju (np. firmy) The 1992 Southern Tour marked a second-stage **takeoff** in Chinese economic growth, with real GDP more than doubling from 1992 to 2000.

Answer 12

tu: zajęcie, pasja, hobby These newly arrived workers live in crowded dormitories, work seventy-hour weeks, take public transportation, eat noodles and rice and have few if any amenities or leisure **pursuits**.

Answer 13

to propell Giant new businesses are gearing up to support the switch from petrol to electricity. Besides changing the way cars are **propelled**, this requires batteries, software to ensure these work in harmony with motors, and data harvested from cars that may one day allow them to drive themselves.

Answer 14

nadwyrężać (np. ścięgno), męczyć (np. oczy); robić coś z wysiłkiem It plans to enlist 10,000 more medical staff as it struggles to fight the worst coronavirus outbreak in Europe with a health service that critics view as understaffed, under-resourced and under **strain**.

Answer 15

roszczenie, pretensja, żądanie China’s rise to export powerhouse status did not take place in this golden age of the 1950s and 1960s. It took place largely in the early twenty-first century, when **claims** were settled in paper IOUs or their electronic equivalents.

Answer 16

to come up with something “Now I’m telling them that you still can’t **come up with** that number, but you don’t have to, because they have had the trade war, cost increases and Covid, so their number changed. Do you still want to talk now?”

Answer 17

bez szwanku The coronavirus crisis has added a new twist to Tesla’s rise. The pandemic has hobbled established carmakers as they shut down and then slowly restart global manufacturing operations, but Tesla has emerged almost **unscathed** from the outbreak.

Answer 18

to hang in the balance The fact is, currency wars are fought globally in all major financial centers at once, twenty-four hours per day, by bankers, traders, politicians and automated systems—and the fate of economies and their affected citizens **hang in the balance**.

Answer 19

obarczać kogoś odpowiedzialnością za coś China and America are even indulging in tit-for-tat expulsions of journalists. And coronavirus, which originated in China, has devastated the global economy and led to more than 200,000 deaths in America. President Donald Trump, who is currently in hospital after testing positive for the virus, has made it clear that he **holds China directly responsible for** the pandemic.

Answer 20

osiągnąć apogeum Tensions **came to a head** in 2017 when James Damore, a Google software engineer, published a memo on an internal mailing list arguing that the lack of gender diversity in tech could partly be explained by biological differences.

Answer 21

wisieć (np. w powietrzu, zagrażać) Electricity prices will be determined not by a few big actors but by competition and gradual efficiency gains. Yet even as a better energy system emerges, the threat of a poorly managed transition **looms**.

Answer 22

tu: powrócić do tematu The 90% economy, **revisited**.

Answer 23

wątpliwości Pointing to the US trade war with China, he said many companies were having **second thoughts** about maintaining operations in the Asian country. “Huge numbers of China-located companies are shifting their purchase orders, manufacturing capacities and operations out of China,” he claimed.

Answer 24

sacrosanct Is the tax loophole which enabled the leveraged buy-out mania a **sacrosanct** manifestation of the finger of God? Or is that tax loophole itself an interference in self-regulating markets, and if that is the case, how are we to proceed?

Answer 25

to revisit The 90% economy, **revisited**.

Answer 26

zgodnie z Then, on January 1, 1994, China announced a reformed system of foreign exchange and massively devalued the yuan to 8.7 to the dollar. That shock caused the U.S. Treasury to label China a currency “manipulator” **pursuant to the** 1988 Trade Act, which requires the Treasury to single out countries that are using exchange rates to gain unfair advantage in international trade.

Answer 27

błyszczący “The united states of america is now the number-one energy superpower anywhere in the world,” President Donald Trump told oilmen in Midland, Texas this summer, from a stage decorated with **gleaming** black barrels.

Answer 28

odtąd; od tego czasu The firm will receive modest compensation for its role assisting the Fed—a roughly $3 million fee for the six months ending Sept. 30, and $750,000 per quarter **thereafter**, according to BlackRock’s contract with the Fed.

Answer 29

pogarszać się, stracić wartość, podupadać That would allow it to argue that underinvestment will damage the Tiffany brand long term. So far, the acquisition target has managed to keep pace with LVMH’s maneuvers. The French company was surprised by how quickly it was able to sue—the same day the deal **went south**.

Answer 30

bliski, niedaleki, spodziewany, oczekiwany A recent video of Elon Musk taking a spin in a new all-electric Volkswagen with Herbert Diess, the German carmaker’s boss, set tongues wagging. VW was forced to deny that a deal with Tesla was **in the offing**.

Answer 31

cautionary tale These are **cautionary tales** of what happens when you tell yourself, your voters, your readers or your customers the same story too many times.

Answer 32

wisieć na włosku The fact is, currency wars are fought globally in all major financial centers at once, twenty-four hours per day, by bankers, traders, politicians and automated systems—and the fate of economies and their affected citizens **hang in the balance**.

Answer 33

to tap somebody The Fed had never bought ETFs or corporate bonds before. The central bank **tapped** BlackRock to help advise it and buy the bonds and funds on its behalf, though the central bank retained ultimate authority over what to purchase.

Answer 34

wycofać się; zrezygnować ze stanowiska “China wants nothing less than to push the United States of America from the western Pacific . . . But they will fail,” the vice-president declared. “We will not be intimidated and we will not **stand down**.”

Answer 35

pomóc w czymś; zdziałać cuda The fact that PE king David Rubenstein pays for economic analysis at the American Enterprise Institute may **go a long way to** explaining this economically.

Answer 36

hard assets Today the risk is the collapse of the monetary system itself—a loss of confidence in paper currencies and a massive flight to **hard assets**. Given these risks of catastrophic failure, Currency War III may be the last currency war—or, to paraphrase Woodrow Wilson, the war to end all currency wars.

Answer 37

wystarczająco dobry In 2016 Ms Catz served on the president’s transition team and this year Mr Ellison hosted a fund-raiser for him. This did not help them win a lucrative cloud contract with the Department of Defence; oci was not technically **up to snuff**.

Answer 38

sprzeciwić się Facebook has decided to **defy** a law in Turkey requiring social media groups to establish a formal presence in the country, setting the stage for a showdown with the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan that could culminate in the platform being blocked.

Answer 39

rogue In Oracle’s heyday 20 years ago he was Silicon Valley’s best-known **rogue** billionaire—yesteryear’s Elon Musk.

Answer 40

wet za wet; odwet China had suffered a loss of face in 2005 when the China National Offshore Oil Corporation withdrew its takeover bid for U.S.-based Unocal Oil after the U.S. House of Representatives voted 398–15 to call on President Bush to review the bid on national security grounds. Such rejections could easily result in **tit-for-tat** denial of U.S. acquisitions in China.

Answer 41

tu: wykup A relatively small **redemption**, say, $100 billion of Treasury notes, done in early 2008 when gold was about $1,000 per ounce, would have equaled 100 million ounces of gold, or about 2,840 metric tons.

Answer 42

przechylić Falling demand for fossil fuels will **tilt** the balance of power away from producers and towards consumers—though there will doubtless be reversals now and then along the way.

Answer 43

fair game Cabinet ranked ministers may also face greater scrutiny of their personal lives though the press now seem to think that junior ministers are **fair game** for intense media scrutiny too.

Answer 44

fuzzy He admired Friedman's faith in markets, his constant insistence on proper monetary management and called it far more accurate that **fuzzy** structuralists or pseudo-Keynesian arguments one hears a lot in the developing world.

Answer 45

usunięcie, wyrzucenie (np. osoby) China and America are even indulging in tit-for-tat **expulsions** of journalists. And coronavirus, which originated in China, has devastated the global economy and led to more than 200,000 deaths in America. President Donald Trump, who is currently in hospital after testing positive for the virus, has made it clear that he holds China directly responsible for the pandemic.

Answer 46

by far When it comes to the materials inside its batteries, one challenge will be to find replacements for cobalt — **by far** the most expensive component in any battery.

Answer 47

ktoś kogo można krytykować Cabinet ranked ministers may also face greater scrutiny of their personal lives though the press now seem to think that junior ministers are **fair game** for intense media scrutiny too.

Answer 48

pursuant to Then, on January 1, 1994, China announced a reformed system of foreign exchange and massively devalued the yuan to 8.7 to the dollar. That shock caused the U.S. Treasury to label China a currency “manipulator” **pursuant to the** 1988 Trade Act, which requires the Treasury to single out countries that are using exchange rates to gain unfair advantage in international trade.

Answer 49

kaganiec The decision will be welcomed by human-rights campaigners, who have urged tech companies not to bow to requirements that they describe as draconian and a fresh attempt by Mr Erdogan’s government to **muzzle** free speech.

Answer 50

to tilt Falling demand for fossil fuels will **tilt** the balance of power away from producers and towards consumers—though there will doubtless be reversals now and then along the way.

Answer 51

integrated circuit He is bringing together enterprises including Fair Friend Group, the world’s third-largest machine tool maker, WPG, the world’s largest **integrated circuit** distributor, and Teco, Taiwan’s largest automation provider.

Answer 52

unfettered According to Libertarianism, the good corresponds to action consonant with the unencumbered, **unfettered** operation of the market.

Answer 53

wynik; rezultat; skutek The **upshot**, says Ted Friedman of Gartner, is better technology such as the “autonomous database”, which uses artificial intelligence to automate work once reserved for human it administrators.

Answer 54

timidity His allies have criticised premier Mateusz Morawiecki, a moderate seen as Mr Kaczynski’s preferred successor, for what they see as excessive compromise and ideological **timidity**.

Answer 55

reshuffle The collapse in talks over a government **reshuffle** in Warsaw last week has raised the prospect of early elections and laid bare a power struggle in the ruling coalition over leadership of the Polish right.

Answer 56

to stoke The Fed’s interventions worked as designed, **stoking** investor confidence and restoring market function— even before the central bank had bought anything at all.

Answer 57

unscathed The coronavirus crisis has added a new twist to Tesla’s rise. The pandemic has hobbled established carmakers as they shut down and then slowly restart global manufacturing operations, but Tesla has emerged almost **unscathed** from the outbreak.

Answer 58

gleaming “The united states of america is now the number-one energy superpower anywhere in the world,” President Donald Trump told oilmen in Midland, Texas this summer, from a stage decorated with **gleaming** black barrels.

Answer 59

to tread on somebody's toes Mr Ellison, who stepped down as chief executive in 2014, has in recent years taken a more active role in product development—considered his forte— without **treading on Ms Catz’s toes**.

Answer 60

od tamtej pory, odkąd That was the last time Treasury used the manipulator label against China despite veiled threats to do so **ever since**.

Answer 61

to raise one's game “When I got into podcasting I realised the industry was very sluggish,” she said. “I would go around and have meetings . . . and I would say, ‘the sharks need to come’ . . . someone [had] to come in and splash up and eat a couple of guys in order for us all to really **raise our game**.”

Answer 62

down payment America desperately needed to create jobs. For a while, this human tragedy was masked by the easy money policies of Greenspan and Bernanke and the resulting euphoria of credit card spending, rising home prices, rising stock prices and large no-**down-payment** mortgages for all comers.

Answer 63

napędzać Giant new businesses are gearing up to support the switch from petrol to electricity. Besides changing the way cars are **propelled**, this requires batteries, software to ensure these work in harmony with motors, and data harvested from cars that may one day allow them to drive themselves.

Answer 64

tęsknić do czegoś, pragnąć czegoś Since President Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, China has become more assertive overseas and more authoritarian at home. Beijing’s construction of The Chinese have enjoyed 40 years of peace and prosperity, but there is a **yearning** to test and demonstrate national strength unlikely

Answer 65

claim China’s rise to export powerhouse status did not take place in this golden age of the 1950s and 1960s. It took place largely in the early twenty-first century, when **claims** were settled in paper IOUs or their electronic equivalents.

Answer 66

headfirst But even the companies ploughing **headfirst** into the industry would admit that the money at stake is not huge. Most revenues come from advertising that airs during shows.

Answer 67

beczka The United States and China were locked in a trillion-dollar financial embrace, essentially a monetary powder **keg** that could be detonated by either side if the currency wars spiraled out of control.

Answer 68

powolny “When I got into podcasting I realised the industry was very **sluggish**,” she said. “I would go around and have meetings . . . and I would say, ‘the sharks need to come’ . . . someone [had] to come in and splash up and eat a couple of guys in order for us all to really raise our game.”

Answer 69

to attain On its publication in 1991 Daniel Yergin’s “The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power” quickly **attained** the status of a classic. A massive narrative history, it wove the story of oil through the previous century’s economic, political and military events deftly and exhaustively.

Answer 70

zwrócić się do kogoś The Fed had never bought ETFs or corporate bonds before. The central bank **tapped** BlackRock to help advise it and buy the bonds and funds on its behalf, though the central bank retained ultimate authority over what to purchase.

Answer 71

stosunek ceny do wartości The IMF’s Paolo Mauro said: ‘You get a bigger **bang for your buck** from public investment because investment by private firms is extremely low’.

Answer 72

moonshot A **moonshot** is an idea so big, so bold, as to be impossible until it is not.

Answer 73

oszust; naciągacz Fraud in connected TV can occur in multiple ways. In a practice known as device spoofing, for example, **scammer**s can trick the systems that stitch ads into programming by sending ad requests from smartphones with metadata reconfigured to make them look like they are legitimate streaming TV devices.

Answer 74

to go south That would allow it to argue that underinvestment will damage the Tiffany brand long term. So far, the acquisition target has managed to keep pace with LVMH’s maneuvers. The French company was surprised by how quickly it was able to sue—the same day the deal **went south**.

Answer 75

to cull As federal stimulus money dries up and the Covid-19 crisis continues, we are likely to see a record **culling** of small and midsized businesses, which create the majority of new US private sector jobs.

Answer 76

księgowość By the mid-1990s it dominated the market for “relational” databases, which underlie corporate applications from **book-keeping** to supply-chain management.

Answer 77

ekstremalny (w poglądach politycznych); nieugięty Zbigniew Ziobro, the **hardline** justice minister, ignited the crisis when his United Poland party said it would oppose an animal rights bill championed by Law and Justice (PiS), the senior coalition partner.

Answer 78

pursuit These newly arrived workers live in crowded dormitories, work seventy-hour weeks, take public transportation, eat noodles and rice and have few if any amenities or leisure **pursuits**.

Answer 79

pojawić się; wywiązać się, zaistnieć, wyniknąć My editor already spends $30 a month for Apple services, but isn’t sure he really cares about the other $25 worth of services he now gets free. Let the household debates **ensue**.

Answer 80

ostra amunicja These conservative and liberal movements collided violently and tragically in the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 4, 1989, when People’s Liberation Army troops, acting on orders from the Communist Party leadership, used **live fire** and tanks to clear human rights and prodemocracy protestors from the square in the center of Beijing adjacent to the old imperial Forbidden City.

Answer 81

postęp Consumer Reports reached a damning conclusion after testing Tesla’s automated features this month: “Though it has made significant **strides** in automated driving, owners should not rely on Tesla’s driver assistance features to necessarily add safety or to make driving easier.”

Answer 82

to fade away Start with the established carmakers. Their lowly valuations may be read as implying they ought to give up trying to make the transition to evs and quietly **fade away**. But even firms with the heftiest petroldriven legacies should not be written off.

Answer 83

destitution As a result, people slipped below the poverty line, something which ironically revived the coca trade because, since it paid ten times as much as other crops, it was the only alternative to total **destitution**.

Answer 84

sprawa drugoplanowa Every war has its main fronts and its romantic and often bloody **sideshows**. World War II was the greatest and most expansive military conflict in history.

Answer 85

to pry If the deal succeeds—a big “if”—Oracle’s cloud may emerge as a digital haven for companies seeking to reassure Washington that their data are safe from **prying** Communist eyes in Beijing amid the Sino- American tech cold war.

Answer 86

handouts Oil has also created political instability. For decades petrostates such as Venezuela and Saudi Arabia, with little incentive to develop their economies, have been mired in the politics of **handouts** and cronyism.

Answer 87

nieobliczalny Fossil fuels cause economic volatility, too. Oil markets are buffeted by an **erratic** cartel. Concentration of the world’s oil reserves makes supply vulnerable to geopolitical shocks.

Answer 88

to crumble But the rules-based multilateral order is **crumbling** for reasons that have nothing to do with populism. Many traditional power centres of our democracies — centrist political parties, the mainstream media, some industries — are oligopolies under siege for a reason.

Answer 89

unchecked Most important, decarbonising energy will avoid the chaos of **unchecked** climate change, including devastating droughts, famine, floods and mass dislocation.

Answer 90

tego, jego, o tym (o czymś wcześniej wymienionym) How can we tell if a particular economic practice is consonant with selfregulating markets or in violation **thereof**, unless we view the phenomenon historically and ethically?

Answer 91

skrócić If you had worked in the industry 10 years ago, you would have **short-circuited** your career if you had advocated diversification, let alone blown the whistle on those who fitted software-cheating devices.

Answer 92

nareszcie, w końcu This transformation was apparent at Mr Pichai’s first quarterly earnings call as the boss of Alphabet in February, when he delighted analysts by **at long last** breaking out YouTube’s revenues ($15bn in 2019, up by more than a third from the previous year).

Answer 93

zdobyć; osiągnąć On its publication in 1991 Daniel Yergin’s “The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power” quickly **attained** the status of a classic. A massive narrative history, it wove the story of oil through the previous century’s economic, political and military events deftly and exhaustively.

Answer 94

upshot The **upshot**, says Ted Friedman of Gartner, is better technology such as the “autonomous database”, which uses artificial intelligence to automate work once reserved for human it administrators.

Answer 95

zasiłki; subwencje Oil has also created political instability. For decades petrostates such as Venezuela and Saudi Arabia, with little incentive to develop their economies, have been mired in the politics of **handouts** and cronyism.

Answer 96

bang for the buck The IMF’s Paolo Mauro said: ‘You get a bigger **bang for your buck** from public investment because investment by private firms is extremely low’.

Answer 97

główna ozdoba, największa atrakcja (np. wystawy, pokazu) The struggle between China and the United States, between the yuan and the dollar, is the **centerpiece** of global finance today and the main front in Currency War III.

Answer 98

to level an accusation against somebody The principal **accusation leveled by** the United States against China, discussed repeatedly in the press but never formally alleged by the White House since 1994, is that China manipulates its currency in order to keep Chinese exports cheap for foreign buyers.

Answer 99

to set the stage for something Facebook has decided to defy a law in Turkey requiring social media groups to establish a formal presence in the country, **setting the stage** for a showdown with the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan that could culminate in the platform being blocked.

Answer 100

erratic Fossil fuels cause economic volatility, too. Oil markets are buffeted by an **erratic** cartel. Concentration of the world’s oil reserves makes supply vulnerable to geopolitical shocks.

Answer 101

rodzimy By these measures, the **indigenous** dollars issued by Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as the Norwegian krone, South Korean won and UAE dirham, all have pride of place. But the combined GDP of the United States, European Union and China— almost 60 percent of global GDP—creates a center of gravity to which all other economies and currencies are peripheral in some way.

Answer 102

lot w kosmos; nieprawdopodobny, trudny do zrealizowania pomysł A **moonshot** is an idea so big, so bold, as to be impossible until it is not.

Answer 103

induced In response to the pandemic-**induced** market collapse, the Fed promised to buy corporate bonds and exchange-traded funds that invest in collections of corporate debt.

Answer 104

chleb powszedni Now he and his firm are back in the headlines, thanks to something that, in software terms, is about as far from Oracle’s **bread and butter** of corporate databases as jelly beans are from white toast.

Answer 105

rut The resulting decline of over 4.75 percent in the fed funds rate from July 2000 to July 2002 could be viewed as a normal cyclical easing designed to help the economy out of a **rut**.

Answer 106

to bring over somebody According to him, industrial park managers from Nuevo Leon, a Mexican state bordering Texas, used to try to convince him to **bring over** companies from China, but could never match the cost structure that China offered.

Answer 107

to defy Facebook has decided to **defy** a law in Turkey requiring social media groups to establish a formal presence in the country, setting the stage for a showdown with the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan that could culminate in the platform being blocked.

Answer 108

deterrence Ms Flournoy’s recommendation is that America should strengthen its military capacity, so as to restore **deterrence**. The fact that a prominent Democrat is taking this position points to an important aspect of the new US-China rivalry: it will not disappear if Mr Trump loses the White House in the presidential election.

Answer 109

muzzle The decision will be welcomed by human-rights campaigners, who have urged tech companies not to bow to requirements that they describe as draconian and a fresh attempt by Mr Erdogan’s government to **muzzle** free speech.

Answer 110

sluggish “When I got into podcasting I realised the industry was very **sluggish**,” she said. “I would go around and have meetings . . . and I would say, ‘the sharks need to come’ . . . someone [had] to come in and splash up and eat a couple of guys in order for us all to really raise our game.”

Answer 111

to yearn for something Since President Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, China has become more assertive overseas and more authoritarian at home. Beijing’s construction of The Chinese have enjoyed 40 years of peace and prosperity, but there is a **yearning** to test and demonstrate national strength unlikely

Answer 112

być odbiorcą czegoś; oberwać nie za swoje China’s coastal factories, assembly plants and transportation hubs are **at the receiving end of** a river of humanity that flows from China’s central and southern rural provinces, carrying tens of millions of mostly younger workers in search of steady work at wages only one-tenth of what a comparable job would pay in the United States.

Answer 113

powszechny, szeroko rozpowszechniony (np. o krytyce) Meanwhile, advertising on television, which is widely seen as an industry in decline, is worth $70bn a year. Steve Boom, head of Amazon Music, said: “It’s still such early days in podcasting. More **widespread** consumer adoption just started happening in the last two years.”

Answer 114

thereafter The firm will receive modest compensation for its role assisting the Fed—a roughly $3 million fee for the six months ending Sept. 30, and $750,000 per quarter **thereafter**, according to BlackRock’s contract with the Fed.

Answer 115

plum As for Ms Richardson, she has no regrets about leaving acting behind. Her About Race podcasts have attracted a following that landed her a **plum** joint-venture with Sony Music. She said: “I love TV, but I never felt that I [could] change it. Whereas with podcasting, I could make a difference. This is an industry I could shape.”

Answer 116

influx The **influx** made Suzhou one of the largest clusters of Taiwanese manufacturing in China, with more than 11,000 companies and cumulative investment of more than $30bn as of 2018.

Answer 117

być na plusie But it has only made it **into the black** in the past two quarters thanks to sales of regulatory credits to other car groups to cover their lack of electric vehicle sales — a source of revenue that Tesla admits it cannot rely on in the long term.

Answer 118

znaleźć coś (np. rozwiązanie problemu), wymyślić coś; wytrzasnąć coś (pieniądze) “Now I’m telling them that you still can’t **come up with** that number, but you don’t have to, because they have had the trade war, cost increases and Covid, so their number changed. Do you still want to talk now?”

Answer 119

rozpadać się But the rules-based multilateral order is **crumbling** for reasons that have nothing to do with populism. Many traditional power centres of our democracies — centrist political parties, the mainstream media, some industries — are oligopolies under siege for a reason.

Answer 120

zdawać się na czyjąś pomoc; znajdować oparcie w kimś “The number one priority is to find and qualify alternative suppliers you can **fall back on** to if something like this happens again.” The pandemic has brought medical supplies into the group of industries traditionally sensitive to national security concerns such as defence, telecoms and technology.

Answer 121

ważyć się, być niepewnym Now, with PiS leaders raising the prospect of a minority government or early elections and Mr Ziobro’s position in doubt, his future, and that of the present political configuration, **is in the balance**.

Answer 122

powstrzymywać się od czegoś Not everywhere can adjustments be made this easily. Anne Petterd, a partner at Baker & McKenzie in Sydney, who focuses on supply chain issues, says some companies are **holding back from** making big decisions before the US election.

Answer 123

to short-circuit If you had worked in the industry 10 years ago, you would have **short-circuited** your career if you had advocated diversification, let alone blown the whistle on those who fitted software-cheating devices.

Answer 124

bread and butter Now he and his firm are back in the headlines, thanks to something that, in software terms, is about as far from Oracle’s **bread and butter** of corporate databases as jelly beans are from white toast.

Answer 125

expulsion China and America are even indulging in tit-for-tat **expulsions** of journalists. And coronavirus, which originated in China, has devastated the global economy and led to more than 200,000 deaths in America. President Donald Trump, who is currently in hospital after testing positive for the virus, has made it clear that he holds China directly responsible for the pandemic.

Answer 126

odstrzeliwać (zwierzynę), ubijać (selektywnie) As federal stimulus money dries up and the Covid-19 crisis continues, we are likely to see a record **culling** of small and midsized businesses, which create the majority of new US private sector jobs.

Answer 127

pisemne zobowiązanie finansowe And earlier in the summer, Tiffany overhauled terms with its lenders to make sure a **covenant** breach couldn’t be used against it.

Answer 128

be in the balance Now, with PiS leaders raising the prospect of a minority government or early elections and Mr Ziobro’s position in doubt, his future, and that of the present political configuration, **is in the balance**.

Answer 129

zniknąć Start with the established carmakers. Their lowly valuations may be read as implying they ought to give up trying to make the transition to evs and quietly **fade away**. But even firms with the heftiest petroldriven legacies should not be written off.

Answer 130

przypływ, napływ (np. gotówki) The **influx** made Suzhou one of the largest clusters of Taiwanese manufacturing in China, with more than 11,000 companies and cumulative investment of more than $30bn as of 2018.

Answer 131

ever since That was the last time Treasury used the manipulator label against China despite veiled threats to do so **ever since**.

Answer 132

notoriety Whether the **notoriety** lasts more than 15 seconds, the length of a typical TikTok video, is another matter. Attempts at reinvention are nothing new in Silicon Valley.

Answer 133

zamieniać; wymieniać The US, meanwhile, is kicking off a new dialogue with Taipei focused on **rejigging** global supply chains.

Answer 134

to take a spin A recent video of Elon Musk **taking a spin** in a new all-electric Volkswagen with Herbert Diess, the German carmaker’s boss, set tongues wagging. VW was forced to deny that a deal with Tesla was in the offing.

Answer 135

widespread Meanwhile, advertising on television, which is widely seen as an industry in decline, is worth $70bn a year. Steve Boom, head of Amazon Music, said: “It’s still such early days in podcasting. More **widespread** consumer adoption just started happening in the last two years.”

Answer 136

to strain It plans to enlist 10,000 more medical staff as it struggles to fight the worst coronavirus outbreak in Europe with a health service that critics view as understaffed, under-resourced and under **strain**.

Answer 137

to partake She advised friends to **partake** in bourbon tours in Kentucky after a business trip to Louisville.

Answer 138

to buffet Fossil fuels cause economic volatility, too. Oil markets are **buffeted** by an erratic cartel. Concentration of the world’s oil reserves makes supply vulnerable to geopolitical shocks.

Answer 139

przygotowania; nasilanie się If China’s growing technological prowess has captured US attention this year, its defence capabilities are also driving the growing anxiety. China’s rapid military **build-up** has altered the balance of power between Beijing and Washington.

Answer 140

wchodzić komuś w paradę Mr Ellison, who stepped down as chief executive in 2014, has in recent years taken a more active role in product development—considered his forte— without **treading on Ms Catz’s toes**.

Answer 141

redukcja (np. zatrudnienia), cięcie (w budżecie), zmniejszenie (np. produkcji) There were no jobs to be had then, said Mr Del Prado, now 29. “Spain was in an economic crisis. There had been lots of **cutbacks** in the health budget. They were not hiring nurses.”

Answer 142

thaw The **thaw** in markets meant the Fed spent only about $13 billion of the up to $750 billion it had designated for corporate bond and ETF buying.

Answer 143

to get a raw deal Postmates risks being a **raw deal** for Uber.

Answer 144

precept Chicago School **precepts** about the supremacy of the free market had rapidly become the unquestioned orthodoxy in Ivy League economics departments, including Harvard's, and Sachs was definitely not immune.

Answer 145

zgodny z According to Libertarianism, the good corresponds to action **consonant with** the unencumbered, unfettered operation of the market.

Answer 146

to stand down “China wants nothing less than to push the United States of America from the western Pacific . . . But they will fail,” the vice-president declared. “We will not be intimidated and we will not **stand down**.”

Answer 147

moat To shield the setup from potential shareholder pressure, the three of them built a legal **moat** around it. Google was one of the first Big Tech companies to opt for dual-class shares, which gave the original shareholders ten times the voting power.

Answer 148

to team up Its deal to **team up** with TikTok has made its brand recognisable even to many teenagers—the main clientele of the Chinese-owned video-sharing platform.

Answer 149

niewyraźny He admired Friedman's faith in markets, his constant insistence on proper monetary management and called it far more accurate that **fuzzy** structuralists or pseudo-Keynesian arguments one hears a lot in the developing world.

Answer 150

przestroga These are **cautionary tales** of what happens when you tell yourself, your voters, your readers or your customers the same story too many times.

Answer 151

hit and miss Spaced out Alphabet’s engineer-driven bottom-up culture is also showing signs of age. It can be **hit and miss**.

Answer 152

zszywać Fraud in connected TV can occur in multiple ways. In a practice known as device spoofing, for example, scammers can trick the systems that **stitch** ads into programming by sending ad requests from smartphones with metadata reconfigured to make them look like they are legitimate streaming TV devices.

Answer 153

takeoff The 1992 Southern Tour marked a second-stage **takeoff** in Chinese economic growth, with real GDP more than doubling from 1992 to 2000.

Answer 154

beyond one's means This meant that China did not receive any official gold for its export success. It also meant that there was no effective check on the ability of the United States to print money, borrow and keep spending **beyond its means**.

Answer 155

to get back on track Ironically, it was the al-Qaeda attacks on September 11, 2001, and China’s resulting firm support for the U.S.-led global war on terror that finally broke the ice and helped U.S.-China relations **get back on track**.

Answer 156

podnieść swój poziom (podjąć próbę poprawienia się w czymś) “When I got into podcasting I realised the industry was very sluggish,” she said. “I would go around and have meetings . . . and I would say, ‘the sharks need to come’ . . . someone [had] to come in and splash up and eat a couple of guys in order for us all to really **raise our game**.”

Answer 157

zbliżenie (polityczne); pojednanie (skłóconych stron) Henry Kissinger, the former US secretary of state who helped bring about the **rapprochement** between the US and China in the 1970s, said last year that Beijing and Washington were now in the “foothills of a cold war”.

Answer 158

po to żeby Ms Flournoy’s recommendation is that America should strengthen its military capacity, **so as to** restore deterrence. The fact that a prominent Democrat is taking this position points to an important aspect of the new US-China rivalry: it will not disappear if Mr Trump loses the White House in the presidential election.

Answer 159

marne wynagrodzenie; psi grosz While BlackRock is set to earn a relative **pittance** from the Fed, it made millions in fees from other investors.

Answer 160

uzupełnienie; kontynuacja Larry who? A few weeks ago asking a young tech worker in Silicon Valley about Larry Ellison, co-founder, former boss and now chief technology officer of Oracle, might have elicited blank stares. More surprising, given that his company is still the world’s second-largest softwaremaker, a **follow-up** question might have been: “Remind me what Oracle sells?”

Answer 161

połączyć siły Its deal to **team up** with TikTok has made its brand recognisable even to many teenagers—the main clientele of the Chinese-owned video-sharing platform.

Answer 162

nieposkromiony Most important, decarbonising energy will avoid the chaos of **unchecked** climate change, including devastating droughts, famine, floods and mass dislocation.

Answer 163

tłumić (np. protesty) However, the effect of this spectacular growth in the 1990s on U.S.-China economic relations was **muted** by the continuing U.S response to the Tiananmen Square massacre, which included economic sanctions and a general cooling of direct foreign investment by U.S. firms in China.

Answer 164

przetasowanie; przegrupowanie The collapse in talks over a government **reshuffle** in Warsaw last week has raised the prospect of early elections and laid bare a power struggle in the ruling coalition over leadership of the Polish right.

Answer 165

to come in handy This will **come in handy** in a post-pandemic world in which offices will look quite different. “We’ll get a chance to reimagine it,” says Sundar Pichai, the boss of both Google and its parent company, Alphabet.

Answer 166

consonant with According to Libertarianism, the good corresponds to action **consonant with** the unencumbered, unfettered operation of the market.

Answer 167

wzbudzać (np. szacunek); wzniecać (np. emocje) The Fed’s interventions worked as designed, **stoking** investor confidence and restoring market function— even before the central bank had bought anything at all.

Answer 168

na chybił trafił; ryzyk-fizyk Spaced out Alphabet’s engineer-driven bottom-up culture is also showing signs of age. It can be **hit and miss**.

Answer 169

przyrost Electricity prices will be determined not by a few big actors but by competition and gradual efficiency **gains**. Yet even as a better energy system emerges, the threat of a poorly managed transition looms.

Answer 170

centerpiece The struggle between China and the United States, between the yuan and the dollar, is the **centerpiece** of global finance today and the main front in Currency War III.

Answer 171

nuda It is still hard to find a sizeable firm that does not send a cheque to Oracle’s snazzy headquarters in Redwood City. With customers locked in by the sheer **tedium** of switching databases, Oracle could extract huge profits.

Answer 172

zapas Italy’s gold **hoard** went from 227 metric tons to over 2,500 metric tons. France went from 588 metric tons to over 3,100 metric tons. The Netherlands, another rising gold power, went from 280 metric tons to almost 1,700 metric tons. Not all of these expanding gold reserves came from the United States.

Answer 173

bez zastanowienia But even the companies ploughing **headfirst** into the industry would admit that the money at stake is not huge. Most revenues come from advertising that airs during shows.

Answer 174

second thoughts Pointing to the US trade war with China, he said many companies were having **second thoughts** about maintaining operations in the Asian country. “Huge numbers of China-located companies are shifting their purchase orders, manufacturing capacities and operations out of China,” he claimed.

Answer 175

rozległy (np. o obszarze) Every war has its main fronts and its romantic and often bloody sideshows. World War II was the greatest and most **expansive** military conflict in history.

Answer 176

rapprochement Henry Kissinger, the former US secretary of state who helped bring about the **rapprochement** between the US and China in the 1970s, said last year that Beijing and Washington were now in the “foothills of a cold war”.

Answer 177

stopniowy; narastający The Apple Watch Series 6 features **incremental** improvements, including a brighter screen and faster chip.

Answer 178

cutback There were no jobs to be had then, said Mr Del Prado, now 29. “Spain was in an economic crisis. There had been lots of **cutbacks** in the health budget. They were not hiring nurses.”

Answer 179

wyprzedzić After the second world war America’s unmatched ability to consume oil **outstripped** its unmatched ability to produce it.

Answer 180

piecemeal Alongside such **piecemeal** gains, Tesla has been taking steps to adapt its battery technology to different markets. Three months ago, for instance, it was reported to have obtained approval in China to use a new lithium-iron phosphate battery.

Answer 181

to ensue My editor already spends $30 a month for Apple services, but isn’t sure he really cares about the other $25 worth of services he now gets free. Let the household debates **ensue**.

Answer 182

incremental The Apple Watch Series 6 features **incremental** improvements, including a brighter screen and faster chip.

Answer 183

scammer Fraud in connected TV can occur in multiple ways. In a practice known as device spoofing, for example, **scammer**s can trick the systems that stitch ads into programming by sending ad requests from smartphones with metadata reconfigured to make them look like they are legitimate streaming TV devices.

Answer 184

oskarżać kogoś The principal **accusation leveled by** the United States against China, discussed repeatedly in the press but never formally alleged by the White House since 1994, is that China manipulates its currency in order to keep Chinese exports cheap for foreign buyers.

Answer 185

łobuz In Oracle’s heyday 20 years ago he was Silicon Valley’s best-known **rogue** billionaire—yesteryear’s Elon Musk.

Answer 186

snap election A survey on Friday suggested United Poland would win just 1.5 per cent of the vote in a **snap election**, with Mr Gowin’s Agreement party polling at 1.2 per cent and PiS at 35 per cent.

Answer 187

(wydarzający się) w porę, (wydarzający się) w odpowiednim momencie The $399 Apple Watch Series 6 is the company’s latest wearable, featuring a new blood-oxygen sensor and app that can measure oxygen saturation levels using infrared light. It’s a **timely** release. A low blood-oxygen level can help people diagnosed with Covid-19 gauge the severity of the illness, which made oxygen-sensing pulse oximeters popular overnight.

Answer 188

to fall back on “The number one priority is to find and qualify alternative suppliers you can **fall back on** to if something like this happens again.” The pandemic has brought medical supplies into the group of industries traditionally sensitive to national security concerns such as defence, telecoms and technology.

Answer 189

zaliczka, przedpłata America desperately needed to create jobs. For a while, this human tragedy was masked by the easy money policies of Greenspan and Bernanke and the resulting euphoria of credit card spending, rising home prices, rising stock prices and large no-**down-payment** mortgages for all comers.

Answer 190

sideshow Every war has its main fronts and its romantic and often bloody **sideshows**. World War II was the greatest and most expansive military conflict in history.

Answer 191

węszyć, wścibiać nos, wtrącać się If the deal succeeds—a big “if”—Oracle’s cloud may emerge as a digital haven for companies seeking to reassure Washington that their data are safe from **prying** Communist eyes in Beijing amid the Sino- American tech cold war.

Answer 192

zdecydowanie When it comes to the materials inside its batteries, one challenge will be to find replacements for cobalt — **by far** the most expensive component in any battery.

Answer 193

forte Mr Ellison, who stepped down as chief executive in 2014, has in recent years taken a more active role in product development—considered his **forte**— without treading on Ms Catz’s toes.

Answer 194

nieśmiałość; bojaźliwość His allies have criticised premier Mateusz Morawiecki, a moderate seen as Mr Kaczynski’s preferred successor, for what they see as excessive compromise and ideological **timidity**.

Answer 195

zwrot, moment zwrotny The coronavirus crisis has added a new **twist** to Tesla’s rise. The pandemic has hobbled established carmakers as they shut down and then slowly restart global manufacturing operations, but Tesla has emerged almost unscathed from the outbreak.

Answer 196

to mute However, the effect of this spectacular growth in the 1990s on U.S.-China economic relations was **muted** by the continuing U.S response to the Tiananmen Square massacre, which included economic sanctions and a general cooling of direct foreign investment by U.S. firms in China.

Answer 197

-ridden He described open ad exchanges as a fraud**-ridden** environment, similar to the situation in mobile advertising during its infancy years ago. “If you are running in an open exchange, you are putting [a percentage] of your money in the garbage can,” Mr. Stockton said.

Answer 198

walka o władzę The collapse in talks over a government reshuffle in Warsaw last week has raised the prospect of early elections and laid bare a **power struggle** in the ruling coalition over leadership of the Polish right.

Answer 199

to be at the receiving end of something China’s coastal factories, assembly plants and transportation hubs are **at the receiving end of** a river of humanity that flows from China’s central and southern rural provinces, carrying tens of millions of mostly younger workers in search of steady work at wages only one-tenth of what a comparable job would pay in the United States.

Answer 200

osoba sprawiająca kłopoty, awanturnik; mąciciel, wichrzyciel, intrygant The company said it detected 780 fake streaming-TV apps this year that it believes were set up by **bad actors** to lure spending by unsuspecting advertisers— just one of the scams in play.

Answer 201

carbon copy There’s another new model, the $279 Apple Watch SE. It’s a **carbon copy** minus the blood oxygen sensor and the ECG electrical heart rate sensor.

Answer 202

geared to Woods ultimately can't make up his mind and so he spends the rest of his book attempting to have his cake and eat it too. His analysis is **geared to** achieve outcomes which the Austrian school considers desiderata, things like driving down wages.

Answer 203

so as to Ms Flournoy’s recommendation is that America should strengthen its military capacity, **so as to** restore deterrence. The fact that a prominent Democrat is taking this position points to an important aspect of the new US-China rivalry: it will not disappear if Mr Trump loses the White House in the presidential election.

Answer 204

live fire These conservative and liberal movements collided violently and tragically in the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 4, 1989, when People’s Liberation Army troops, acting on orders from the Communist Party leadership, used **live fire** and tanks to clear human rights and prodemocracy protestors from the square in the center of Beijing adjacent to the old imperial Forbidden City.

Answer 205

święty Is the tax loophole which enabled the leveraged buy-out mania a **sacrosanct** manifestation of the finger of God? Or is that tax loophole itself an interference in self-regulating markets, and if that is the case, how are we to proceed?

Answer 206

dawać z siebie wszystko The BP analysis argues that in a world **going all out** for decarbonisation the share of energy used in the form of electricity would rise from about a fifth in 2018 to just over half in 2050.

Answer 207

follow-up Larry who? A few weeks ago asking a young tech worker in Silicon Valley about Larry Ellison, co-founder, former boss and now chief technology officer of Oracle, might have elicited blank stares. More surprising, given that his company is still the world’s second-largest softwaremaker, a **follow-up** question might have been: “Remind me what Oracle sells?”

Answer 208

odstraszanie Ms Flournoy’s recommendation is that America should strengthen its military capacity, so as to restore **deterrence**. The fact that a prominent Democrat is taking this position points to an important aspect of the new US-China rivalry: it will not disappear if Mr Trump loses the White House in the presidential election.

Answer 209

wrócić na właściwą ścieżkę; wrócić do gry Ironically, it was the al-Qaeda attacks on September 11, 2001, and China’s resulting firm support for the U.S.-led global war on terror that finally broke the ice and helped U.S.-China relations **get back on track**.

Answer 210

in the offing A recent video of Elon Musk taking a spin in a new all-electric Volkswagen with Herbert Diess, the German carmaker’s boss, set tongues wagging. VW was forced to deny that a deal with Tesla was **in the offing**.

Answer 211

timely The $399 Apple Watch Series 6 is the company’s latest wearable, featuring a new blood-oxygen sensor and app that can measure oxygen saturation levels using infrared light. It’s a **timely** release. A low blood-oxygen level can help people diagnosed with Covid-19 gauge the severity of the illness, which made oxygen-sensing pulse oximeters popular overnight.

Answer 212

at long last This transformation was apparent at Mr Pichai’s first quarterly earnings call as the boss of Alphabet in February, when he delighted analysts by **at long last** breaking out YouTube’s revenues ($15bn in 2019, up by more than a third from the previous year).

Answer 213

mocna strona Mr Ellison, who stepped down as chief executive in 2014, has in recent years taken a more active role in product development—considered his **forte**— without treading on Ms Catz’s toes.

Answer 214

expansive Every war has its main fronts and its romantic and often bloody sideshows. World War II was the greatest and most **expansive** military conflict in history.

Answer 215

wannabe Several Chinese Tesla **wannabes**, such as Nio, Xpeng and Li Auto, are already listed in New York. They enjoy the benefit of cheap domestic labour, a huge local market and proximity of battery-makers such as BYD and CATL, the world’s biggest such firm.

Answer 216

podporządkowany czemuś With memories of Tiananmen fresh in their minds and the historical memory of over a century of chaos, the leadership knew the survival of the Communist Party and the continuation of political stability depended on job creation; everything else in Chinese policy would be **subordinate to** that goal.

Answer 217

build-up If China’s growing technological prowess has captured US attention this year, its defence capabilities are also driving the growing anxiety. China’s rapid military **build-up** has altered the balance of power between Beijing and Washington.

Answer 218

to go a long way to doing something The fact that PE king David Rubenstein pays for economic analysis at the American Enterprise Institute may **go a long way to** explaining this economically.

Answer 219

to hurtle This borrowing and spending binge was encouraged by the ultralow interest rate policies of Greenspan and Bernanke. Absent a gold standard or some other monetary constraint to apply the brakes, China and the United States **hurtled** toward CWIII with no compass and no map for navigating paper claims of an unprecedented magnitude.

Answer 220

thereof How can we tell if a particular economic practice is consonant with selfregulating markets or in violation **thereof**, unless we view the phenomenon historically and ethically?

Answer 221

bić (o sercu), pulsować This intertwining has also created a degree of social convergence. China may be run by a Communist party, but its major cities **throb** with commercial life, private enterprise and western brands, and could never be mistaken for Soviet Russia’s grey uniformity.

Answer 222

przygotować grunt pod coś Facebook has decided to defy a law in Turkey requiring social media groups to establish a formal presence in the country, **setting the stage** for a showdown with the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan that could culminate in the platform being blocked.

Answer 223

to hold back from something Not everywhere can adjustments be made this easily. Anne Petterd, a partner at Baker & McKenzie in Sydney, who focuses on supply chain issues, says some companies are **holding back from** making big decisions before the US election.

Answer 224

wierna kopia There’s another new model, the $279 Apple Watch SE. It’s a **carbon copy** minus the blood oxygen sensor and the ECG electrical heart rate sensor.

Answer 225

układ scalony He is bringing together enterprises including Fair Friend Group, the world’s third-largest machine tool maker, WPG, the world’s largest **integrated circuit** distributor, and Teco, Taiwan’s largest automation provider.

Answer 226

nieskrępowany, swobodny (np. rynek, działalność gospodarcza) According to Libertarianism, the good corresponds to action consonant with the unencumbered, **unfettered** operation of the market.

Answer 227

ustąpić, podporządkować się, First, fears about fossil- fuel scarcity **have given way to** an acknowledgment of their abundance. Not least because of what has been achieved in America, the energy industry now knows that it will be lack of demand, not lack of supply, which will cause production of oil, coal and, later, gas to dwindle.

Answer 228

bić; nękać Fossil fuels cause economic volatility, too. Oil markets are **buffeted** by an erratic cartel. Concentration of the world’s oil reserves makes supply vulnerable to geopolitical shocks.

Answer 229

dożylny Greenspan’s low rates were not only a policy response to potential deflation; they were also a kind of **intravenous** drug to Wall Street.

Answer 230

nakaz; przykazanie; nauka Chicago School **precepts** about the supremacy of the free market had rapidly become the unquestioned orthodoxy in Ivy League economics departments, including Harvard's, and Sachs was definitely not immune.

Answer 231

rozpocząć coś The EU **has a review of its trade policy under way** to look at how it could deal with supply chain restructuring. Last month, the EU’s representative office in Taiwan organised its first ever conference on investing in Europe, as various countries especially in central and eastern Europe hope to become new manufacturing hubs.

Answer 232

pittance While BlackRock is set to earn a relative **pittance** from the Fed, it made millions in fees from other investors.

Answer 233

fosa To shield the setup from potential shareholder pressure, the three of them built a legal **moat** around it. Google was one of the first Big Tech companies to opt for dual-class shares, which gave the original shareholders ten times the voting power.

Answer 234

gain Electricity prices will be determined not by a few big actors but by competition and gradual efficiency **gains**. Yet even as a better energy system emerges, the threat of a poorly managed transition looms.

Answer 235

to hold somebody responsible for something China and America are even indulging in tit-for-tat expulsions of journalists. And coronavirus, which originated in China, has devastated the global economy and led to more than 200,000 deaths in America. President Donald Trump, who is currently in hospital after testing positive for the virus, has made it clear that he **holds China directly responsible for** the pandemic.

Answer 236

to indulge in something China and America are even **indulging in** tit-for-tat expulsions of journalists. And coronavirus, which originated in China, has devastated the global economy and led to more than 200,000 deaths in America. President Donald Trump, who is currently in hospital after testing positive for the virus, has made it clear that he holds China directly responsible for the pandemic.

Answer 237

to come to a head Tensions **came to a head** in 2017 when James Damore, a Google software engineer, published a memo on an internal mailing list arguing that the lack of gender diversity in tech could partly be explained by biological differences.

Answer 238

nabrać tempa Despite almost twentyfive years of significant economic progress by China, beginning in 1976, it was only in 2002 that U.S.-China bilateral trade and investment codependence **kicked into high gear**.

Answer 239

intravenous Greenspan’s low rates were not only a policy response to potential deflation; they were also a kind of **intravenous** drug to Wall Street.

Answer 240

natychmiast Solar panels and wind turbines provide energy as electricity **straight off**.

Answer 241

to outstrip After the second world war America’s unmatched ability to consume oil **outstripped** its unmatched ability to produce it.

Answer 242

subordinate to something With memories of Tiananmen fresh in their minds and the historical memory of over a century of chaos, the leadership knew the survival of the Communist Party and the continuation of political stability depended on job creation; everything else in Chinese policy would be **subordinate to** that goal.

Answer 243

prospect The collapse in talks over a government reshuffle in Warsaw last week has raised the **prospect** of early elections and laid bare a power struggle in the ruling coalition over leadership of the Polish right.

Answer 244

rasa; rodzaj But there, the challenge happened inside them, with a new **breed** of politicians defeating the old party aristocracies.

Answer 245

tip In a recent article, Michčle Flournoy, who is **tipped** as a possible US defence secretary if Joe Biden wins the presidential election, worried that “dangerous new uncertainty about the US ability to check various Chinese moves . . . could invite risk-taking by Chinese leaders”, adding: “They could conclude that they should move on Taiwan sooner rather than later.”

Answer 246

power struggle The collapse in talks over a government reshuffle in Warsaw last week has raised the prospect of early elections and laid bare a **power struggle** in the ruling coalition over leadership of the Polish right.

Answer 247

wziąć udział She advised friends to **partake** in bourbon tours in Kentucky after a business trip to Louisville.

Answer 248

nędza As a result, people slipped below the poverty line, something which ironically revived the coca trade because, since it paid ten times as much as other crops, it was the only alternative to total **destitution**.

Answer 249

book-keeping By the mid-1990s it dominated the market for “relational” databases, which underlie corporate applications from **book-keeping** to supply-chain management.

Answer 250

hardline Zbigniew Ziobro, the **hardline** justice minister, ignited the crisis when his United Poland party said it would oppose an animal rights bill championed by Law and Justice (PiS), the senior coalition partner.

Answer 251

przydać się This will **come in handy** in a post-pandemic world in which offices will look quite different. “We’ll get a chance to reimagine it,” says Sundar Pichai, the boss of both Google and its parent company, Alphabet.

Answer 252

throb This intertwining has also created a degree of social convergence. China may be run by a Communist party, but its major cities **throb** with commercial life, private enterprise and western brands, and could never be mistaken for Soviet Russia’s grey uniformity.

Answer 253

bad actor The company said it detected 780 fake streaming-TV apps this year that it believes were set up by **bad actors** to lure spending by unsuspecting advertisers— just one of the scams in play.

Answer 254

to commence Battles in the Pacific, Atlantic and Eurasian theaters of Currency War III have **commenced** with important sideshows playing out in Brazil, Russia, the Middle East and throughout Asia.

Answer 255

represje, prześladowania Constitutional changes that would allow Mr Xi to rule for life, the **crackdown** in Hong Kong and the mass imprisonment of the Uighur minority have all driven home the message that China is becoming more dictatorial.

Answer 256

hoard Italy’s gold **hoard** went from 227 metric tons to over 2,500 metric tons. France went from 588 metric tons to over 3,100 metric tons. The Netherlands, another rising gold power, went from 280 metric tons to almost 1,700 metric tons. Not all of these expanding gold reserves came from the United States.

Answer 257

tit-for-tat China had suffered a loss of face in 2005 when the China National Offshore Oil Corporation withdrew its takeover bid for U.S.-based Unocal Oil after the U.S. House of Representatives voted 398–15 to call on President Bush to review the bid on national security grounds. Such rejections could easily result in **tit-for-tat** denial of U.S. acquisitions in China.

Answer 258

zrobić postęp w czymś, posunąć coś do przodu (np. sprawy zawodowe) Mao’s designated successor, Hua Guofeng, **carried forward** Zhou’s vision and made a definitive break with the Maoist past at a National Party Congress in December 1978.

Answer 259

nastawiony, ukierunkowany Woods ultimately can't make up his mind and so he spends the rest of his book attempting to have his cake and eat it too. His analysis is **geared to** achieve outcomes which the Austrian school considers desiderata, things like driving down wages.

Answer 260

to look to something Tesla **looks to** stay in front.

Answer 261

to verge on Google’s cloud business has often been criticised for “not having a customer-service bone in its body”, says Brent Thill of Jefferies, a bank. As a result it lags behind Amazon Web Services and Microsoft’s Azure, where customer service **verges on** an obsession.

Answer 262

powyżej możliwości finansowych, ponad stan This meant that China did not receive any official gold for its export success. It also meant that there was no effective check on the ability of the United States to print money, borrow and keep spending **beyond its means**.

Answer 263

wywołany przez coś; spowodowany przez coś In response to the pandemic-**induced** market collapse, the Fed promised to buy corporate bonds and exchange-traded funds that invest in collections of corporate debt.

Answer 264

spoofing Fraud in connected TV can occur in multiple ways. In a practice known as device **spoofing**, for example, scammers can trick the systems that stitch ads into programming by sending ad requests from smartphones with metadata reconfigured to make them look like they are legitimate streaming TV devices.

Answer 265

typ (np. w wyścigach konnych) In a recent article, Michčle Flournoy, who is **tipped** as a possible US defence secretary if Joe Biden wins the presidential election, worried that “dangerous new uncertainty about the US ability to check various Chinese moves . . . could invite risk-taking by Chinese leaders”, adding: “They could conclude that they should move on Taiwan sooner rather than later.”

Answer 266

up to snuff In 2016 Ms Catz served on the president’s transition team and this year Mr Ellison hosted a fund-raiser for him. This did not help them win a lucrative cloud contract with the Department of Defence; oci was not technically **up to snuff**.

Answer 267

crackdown Constitutional changes that would allow Mr Xi to rule for life, the **crackdown** in Hong Kong and the mass imprisonment of the Uighur minority have all driven home the message that China is becoming more dictatorial.

Answer 268

to rejig The US, meanwhile, is kicking off a new dialogue with Taipei focused on **rejigging** global supply chains.

Answer 269

podszywanie się pod inny element systemu informatycznego Fraud in connected TV can occur in multiple ways. In a practice known as device **spoofing**, for example, scammers can trick the systems that stitch ads into programming by sending ad requests from smartphones with metadata reconfigured to make them look like they are legitimate streaming TV devices.

Answer 270

wybory przedterminowe A survey on Friday suggested United Poland would win just 1.5 per cent of the vote in a **snap election**, with Mr Gowin’s Agreement party polling at 1.2 per cent and PiS at 35 per cent.

Answer 271

pozer Several Chinese Tesla **wannabes**, such as Nio, Xpeng and Li Auto, are already listed in New York. They enjoy the benefit of cheap domestic labour, a huge local market and proximity of battery-makers such as BYD and CATL, the world’s biggest such firm.

Answer 272

twist The coronavirus crisis has added a new **twist** to Tesla’s rise. The pandemic has hobbled established carmakers as they shut down and then slowly restart global manufacturing operations, but Tesla has emerged almost unscathed from the outbreak.

Answer 273

rozgłos Whether the **notoriety** lasts more than 15 seconds, the length of a typical TikTok video, is another matter. Attempts at reinvention are nothing new in Silicon Valley.

Answer 274

aktywa trwałe Today the risk is the collapse of the monetary system itself—a loss of confidence in paper currencies and a massive flight to **hard assets**. Given these risks of catastrophic failure, Currency War III may be the last currency war—or, to paraphrase Woodrow Wilson, the war to end all currency wars.

Answer 275

to get something under way The EU **has a review of its trade policy under way** to look at how it could deal with supply chain restructuring. Last month, the EU’s representative office in Taiwan organised its first ever conference on investing in Europe, as various countries especially in central and eastern Europe hope to become new manufacturing hubs.

Answer 276

znaleźć się na językach (wywołać plotki) A recent video of Elon Musk taking a spin in a new all-electric Volkswagen with Herbert Diess, the German carmaker’s boss, **set tongues wagging**. VW was forced to deny that a deal with Tesla was in the offing.

Deck no. 17 Flashcards

(300 cards)