deck part 2 Flashcards
(85 cards)
0
Q
lifeguard operations (p&p 5.5.18.0)
Basic rule (p&p 5.5.18.2)
The basic rule or policy in lifeguard work is to always carry your buoy.
A drowning person may struggle or may panic giving him _____ ____.
A
super strength
1
Q
lifeguard operations (p&p 5.5.18.0) Basic rule (p&p 5.5.18.2) The basic rule or policy in lifeguard work is to:
A
always carry your rescue buoy or have it readily available.
2
Q
lifeguard operations (p&p 5.5.18.0)
Basic rule (p&p 5.5.18.2)
The basic rule or policy in lifeguard work is to always carry your buoy
the victims body may be ______ and/or ___ ____ for a good hold.
A
slippery, too large
3
Q
lifeguard operations (p&p 5.5.18.0) Basic rule (p&p 5.5.18.2) The basic rule or policy in lifeguard work is to always carry your buoy.
The rescue buoys are made of ______-______ _____ and are designed to support 1 - ____ non-hysterical people in the water with a lifeguard present.
A
rubber-coated foam, 3
4
Q
lifeguard operations (p&p 5.5.18.0) Basic rule (p&p 5.5.18.2) The basic rule or policy in lifeguard work is to always carry your buoy.
take care of the buoy. do not drag or _____ it on hard surfaces. never ___ or ____ on the rescue buoy and always check the _____, _____ and the _____ for defects.
A
throw, sit, lean, strap, line, buoy.
5
Q
Primary Rule: (pp 5.5.18.7)
what is the primary rule?
A
always watch the water
6
Q
Primary Rule: Always watch the water. (p.p 5.5.18.7)
What are the 5 techniques for watching the water (p.p 5.5.25.0-5.5.25.9)
A
- cross guarding
- keep eyes moving
- keep eye contact on water when conversing with public and lifeguards.
- move to best position
- remove blind spots. I.e , umbrellas
7
Q
The Three Principles of lifeguarding: (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Instilling these principles in your mind will help you through your training and throughout your career. knowing and using them will prepare you to handle almost any emergency situation that you may encounter.
what are the three principles of lifeguarding?
A
- know trouble when you see it.
- know how to get to the victim and how to bring him back.
- know what to do with the victim when you get him ashore.
8
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Know trouble when you see it:
learn to recognize the sources of ______ hazards and the signs of swimmers in _______. as a rule you should see trouble ________. you should see the need for most rescues before they develop into ______ situations. when you see a rescue situation, pick up a rescue buoy and _____ _____ the victim.
A
potential, trouble, ahead of time, critical, move towards
9
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
If you don’t know ______!
A
go
10
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Name 7 sources of potential trouble:
A
- rip currents
- surf and backwash
- inshore holes and drop-offs.
- floats and floatation devices.
- boats.
- piers and jetties.
- attractive nuisances.
11
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
state the 6 signs of bathers in trouble.
A
- persons swimming for shore and making no forward progress, perhaps even moving away from shore.
- persons swimming toward shore with waves washing over their heads.
- persons swimming for shore with hair in their face.
- persons swimming in a vertical position. (climbing the ladder)
- persons with poor arm stroke (a good swimmer usually has a fluid, steady stroke)
- persons clinging to a structure or a fixed offshore floating device (buoys marking, swim area, etc.)
12
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Remember to spot potential problems early and ….
A
to move towards the source of danger.
13
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Know how to get to the victim and how to bring him back.
what are 4 auxiliary equipment used in given situations.
A
- rescue buoy
- rescue board
- rescue boats.
- response vehicle.
14
Q
The Three Principles of Lifeguarding (USLA Manual ch. 5&6)
Know what to do with the victim when you get him ashore.
Once you have made the rescue and have brought the victim back to shore, you will have to know whether _______ _______ is necessary. you should ask yourself whether _____-____ is needed and whether _____ support is needed as well. your primary concern is the safety and well-being of the ____. you may be required to perform a number of different actions to remedy the situation. a victim may need anything from ______ _______ to some simple, ______ advice.
A
further action, medical aid, back up, victim, technical medical aid, friendly
15
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
If beach operations does not answer your call immediately,
A
tap the receiver three times in rapid succession and the dispatcher will drop all other calls and respond to your call.
16
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
Identify…
A
yourself and your station
17
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
give all pertinent information to the dispatcher such as…
A
the nature of the emergency and the location.
18
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
in the event of an urgent rescue or emergency, which does not allow you time to notify beach operations,
A
take the phone off the hook and respond.
19
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
if you are out away from your station and see a rescue, ______ _______. ______ ______ will see you and report the rescue to beach operations.
A
respond immediately. adjacent lifeguard
20
Q
Rescue Tactics (USLA Manual Ch 12) telephone procedures- in any emergency or rescue situation, it is important that you communicate with beach operations or the guard located next to you, of the specific situation. as previously discussed in telephone communications:
Always advise beach operations of your disposition after making a rescue or evaluating an emergency. let beach operations know whether …
A
the situation is code 4 or needs back up.
21
Q
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15) Approaching and making contact with the victim.
on your approach, swim with your ______ ____ _____ out of the water so that you can keep ____ _____ with the victim. this prevents you from _____ _____ or _____ the victim’s position, whether of which could waste ______ ______, and also allows the victim to see you approaching.
A
head up high, visual contact, overshooting or loosing, valuable time
22
Q
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15) Approaching and making contact with the victim.
when you get within ______ ______ of the victim, yell to him that you are coming or that ______ _____ _____; this will reassure the victim and hopefully _______ him down.
A
voice range, help is coming, calm
23
Q
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15) Approaching and making contact with the victim.
as you near the victim, talk to him in a _______ manner; and at the same time watch his _____ and _____ for panic.
A
comforting, face and eyes.
24
```
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
Approaching and making contact with the victim.
```
when you arrive near the victim, avoid _____ ______. reach back and grab the rescue buoy and _____ or ______ the buoy to the victim.
direct contact, extend or push.
25
```
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
Approaching and making contact with the victim.
```
when the victim has calmed down and he is assured that the buoy will support him, you are ready for the return trip to shore. before you head back what are 4 things you will need to make sure happens.
1. be sure that your victim has had sufficient time to rest.
2. if there is surf, tell the victim not to let go of the buoy.
3. plan your route back to shore, taking into account the surf, rip tides, currents, etc.
4. you may ask the victim to assist you by having him kick.
26
```
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
Approaching and making contact with the victim.
```
if at anytime, the victim panics, leaves the buoy and starts climbing up the rope towards you; __________ and he will probably turn back to the rescue buoy and hold on to it. you should make your subsequent approach from the _____ so you will not provide the victim with any opportunity to grab hold of you.
slip out of the harness, rear
27
```
Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
After approaching and making contact with the victim, THE RETURN TRIP TO SHORE;
```
________ the victim to shore while _____ to him; this allows you to observe the victim as well as assure him of his safety.
backstroke, talking
28
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Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
After approaching and making contact with the victim, THE RETURN TRIP TO SHORE;
```
when there is heavy surf- position yourself ______ the victim and hold him to the _____; tell the victim to take a _____ _____, and as the wave hits, _________ with your hands.
behind, buoy, deep breath, pinch his nose
29
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Basic Techniques (p&p 5.5.23.0-5.5.23.15)
After approaching and making contact with the victim, THE RETURN TRIP TO SHORE;
```
when coming through a rip current swim at a ____ degree angle to shore, and if it is a severe rip, it may be necessary to swim _____ to shore and _____________ to the rip before heading to shore.
45, parallel, perpendicular.
30
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
The Board construction and design is similar to that of a surfboard but is ______ and ______ for rescue purposes. The current rescue board is __ ft long and weighs approximately __ lbs.
```
Larger, heavier, 12, 40
31
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Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
Rescue boards shall be used in ____ waters, because they travel faster than a swimmer and are highly effective on rescues located a long distance from shore. The board used is limited, however, by such factors as ______ waters, ______ surf and the _______ required to carry the board to the point of entry into the water.
```
calm, rough, large, distance
32
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Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
______ were once used frequently in surf rescues. they are now seldom used for actual surf rescue work because they are _____ to ______. Lifeguard dories are used for patrolling ______ the surfline, moving _____, and dragging for bodies and _____.
```
dories, difficult to handle. outside, buoys, diving.
33
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
When to use rescue boards:
list 4 situations when you would use a rescue board.
1. calm water
2. multiple victims
3. capsized boats such as, catamarans or rafts located outside the surline
4. in rescue located a long distance from the shore and outside the surfline.
34
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
when inadvisable to use the rescue board:
4 situations when NOT to use a rescue board.
1. rough or choppy waters.
2. short distance rescues located within the surfline.
3. in rescues where the board must be carried a long distance along the shore before entering the water.
4. in rescues involving heavy surf where the board becomes a hazard to both the lifeguards and the victim.
35
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
Techniques for using the rescue board.
4 key techniques when using the rescue board.
1. grasp the board at the mid-point by the rails and lift it so that it clears the sand.
2. Carry the board (do not drag it in the sand) to the water and out to approximately knee deep.
3. place the board in the water top side up, nose pointed out.
4. getting in paddling position: while standing in the water next to the board and facing toward the nose, place your hands on the rails near the mid-point of the board.
36
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
when paddling to a rescue, the knee position is desirable because it gives you more ____ and greater _____
```
speed, vision.
37
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
Depending on the surf conditions these 6 methods should be used in going through the surf.
```
1. raise your body off the board by a push and allow the surf's foam to pass under your body.
2. roll the board over with you clinging upside down to the top until the wave has passed and then roll right side up.
3. slide off the tail of the board and then push the board through the oncoming wave.
4. position your weight so that the nose of the board is raised 1/2 to 1 inch above the water surface, maintaining a planing action.
5. propel the board by using a butterfly-type arm stroke motion and keep the board pointed toward the oncoming surf or wind chop.
6. maintain visual on the victim at all times
38
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
what are the 4 steps to helping a strong conscious victim on to the rescue board.
```
1. begin by treading water at the nose of the board and stabilize the board for the victim by holding both sides of the nose.
2. then instruct the victim to mount the board facing the nose.
3. once the head and shoulders of the victim are supported by the board, you can assist by pulling the legs of the victim onto the deck, if necessary.
4. you can now push the board and the victim to shore from the water or you can carefully mount the board from the tail to assume a position over the victim's hind quarters with the victim's legs on either side of you.
39
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
If the victim is unconscious or unable to mount the board on their own, an alternative method of bringing the victim aboard the rescue board involves rolling the board. explain the 5 steps to this method.
```
1. upon reaching the victim, dismount the rescue board and turn it over, bottom side up. the middle of the overturned board is positioned between you and the victim. both of the victim's hands are pulled across the board so that the victim's arm pits are against the rail opposite of you.
2. roll the rescue board toward you until it is right side up.
3. the victim will now be lying across the rescue board in a position perpendicular to its length.
4. position the victim's body carefully onto the board in a length-wise position with his head pointed towards the nose of the board. keep the victim in a prone position so that he does not roll himself back into the water.
5. swing yourself onto the board in a prone position behind the victim and paddle toward shore, keeping the nose of the rescue board perpendicular to incoming waves.
40
```
Rescue Boards (p&p 5.5.25.0-5.5.26-27)
don't hesitate to take your buoy with you. on rescues with _____ victims, ______ victims, _______ or __________ victims, your buoy may be useful.
```
multiple, obese, combative or intoxicated
41
Multiple victim rescues:
In a double rescue situation, the victims usually panic and clutch each other tightly. you can try to bring both victims to the surface and rescue them together or else....
separate the victims and rescue them one at a time.
42
Multiple victim rescues:
| If it is a multiple rescue where the victims are separated and not bunched together, it may be necessary to...
give your buoy to one victim and then bring the other victims to the buoy
43
Multiple victim rescues:
| if possible bring ____ or _____ buoys or a ________ _______ on multiple victim rescues.
2 or more, rescue board
44
lifeguard dories:
| A lifeguard should always get out of a dory either ________ or _______, never _______, which leads to ______ or _______.
over the stern, over the bow, amidships, swamping or capsizing.
45
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
A pier or jetty can be used by the lifeguard access to victims located near these structures. although a pier or jetty provides quick access, it also imposes dangers to both ____ and _____. therefore, use extreme caution during such rescues. remember, _________ safety is the primary concern. an ______ lifeguard cannot help anyone.
lifeguard and victim, lifeguard, injured
46
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
Pier jumps are to be used only if the rescue is in sufficiently _____ water and only if the situation warrants such actions.
deep
47
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
run on the pier to the desired entrance point near the _____, making sure the water is deep enough and clear of _____. as you run, slip the rescue buoy strap on over your ___ and _____, climb over the rail and prepare to jump.
victim, debris, head, sholder
48
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
keep your eyes on the victim, jump from the pier and toss the rescue buoy towards your _______ side. keep your ____ and _____ together and your arms at your _____.
breathing, feet, legs, sides.
49
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
as you make contact with the water, _____________ and let your feet slide _____. this will help slow you down and prevent you from going _____ ______ and striking the bottom.
point your toes, forward, too deep
50
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
| upon surfacing, ______ ____ ______ and perform the rescue as necessary.
locate the victim
51
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
if the victim is clinging to a pier piling and refuses to let go and take the rescue buoy, you must physically remove him from the piling:
1. Approach the victim from ____, keeping him between you and the piling.
2. grab the victim's ____ closely to the _____ and pull back until he is forced off the piling.
3. once the victim is off the piling, perform the rescue.
behind, hair, root
52
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
Use extreme caution when executing a rescue from a jetty. do not run along the jetty because the rocks offer ____ ____. the objective is to get to the scene as quickly as possible without ________ yourself.
poor footing, endagering
53
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
walk along the jetty until you reach a point near the victim and climb down the rocks, ____ ___ ____, to a location as close to the water as possible.
facing the water.
54
pick an entry point that is clear of _____ ___ and _____ ____ ____. when the surge reaches its highest level, perform a "_______" shallow dive with your head up and eyes on the victim.
submerged rocks and time the surge, belly flop
55
Pier and Jetty rescues (p&p 5.5.24.0-5.5.24.3)
perform the rescue as previously described and swim the victim ____ from the jetty toward the ____ or a ____ ____. do not try to ______ _____ ______ ______ ____ _______ as it is too dangerous and time consuming.
away, shore, rescue boat, exit the water on to the jetty
56
```
Backing up (P&P 5.5.25.0-5.5.25.6)
Cross guarding techniques: when a lifeguard next to you goes out on a rescue, _______ _____ his area, as well as, _____ _____. keep an eye on the lifeguard in case he needs your assistance.
```
cross guard his area, your own
57
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Backing up (P&P 5.5.25.0-5.5.25.6)
Assist fellow lifeguards when there are _____ or more victims or when the situation warrants back up, i.e., __________, ________, etc. if time permits, call beach ops to learn if assistance is needed before leaving your area.
```
2, boats in the surfline, unconscious victims
58
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Backing up (P&P 5.5.25.0-5.5.25.6)
Signaling for assistance: to signal another guard for assistance, ______________. in return, keep a watch for this signal from fellow lifeguards.
```
wave one arm over your head or wave you rescue buoy back and forth over your head.
59
Removing victims from the water: Shallow water assist
| How do you perform the shallow water assist?
to execute this technique, the lifeguard drapes one of the victim's arms around the back of the lifeguard's neck, supporting the victim's waist with the other arm.
60
Removing victims from the water: Longitudinal drag
| explain the longitudinal drag.
place the hands under the victim's armpits and attempt to support the head with the forearms.
61
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip Currents:
name four Primary Surf Hazards on the beach.
1. riptides.
2. backwash.
3. heavy surf
4. storm swells.
62
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
What four things are observed when "reading water"
```
1. The direction from which the swells are coming from.
2. The size and shape of the waves.
3. the color of the water
4. and the action of the water on the ocean's surface.
63
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
The _______ of the swell at some beaches has a direct bearing on the formation of rip currents.
```
direction
64
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
The color of the water generally indicates the depth of the water; _____ for shallow and ______ for deep water.
```
light, dark
65
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
The _____ of the wave and the _____ of the water on the top of the ocean can signal instantly the location of a rip current to the trained eye. Constant _____ of the water and the ______ _____ (flattening of the crest) of waves signals a rip current, where more than 80% of all lifeguard rescues are made.
```
shape, action, swirling, breaking down
66
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
most waves are caused by ____ at sea.
```
wind
67
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
what causes the largest waves known as tsunamis or tidal waves.
```
earthquakes and undersea landslides.
68
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
some waves are caused by the ________ ___ of the sun and moon.
```
gravitational pull
69
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
changes in the _________ pressure often cause a _______ of an entire storm system against the ocean surface which in turn causes waves.
```
barometric, pulsation
70
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
some waves are a result of waves reflection known as "seiche." what is it?
```
A motion, which is commonly found in bays and lakes, is similar to the sloshing of water from side to side in a bathtub when the bather gets out of the water quickly.
71
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
wind generated waves frequently travel across thousands of miles of open ocean before finally breaking on some distant shore. the wind's effectiveness in generating waves is due to three main causes, what are they?
```
1. the wind's average velocity,
2. the length of time the wind blows
3. The extent of open water across which the wind blows.
72
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
how ocean waves and breakers are formed:
what is a fetch?
```
the extent of open water across which the wind blows.
73
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
Pip currents cause approximately __% of the oceans near drownings.
80
74
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
define rip current:
```
a rip current runs from shallow water near the shore out to sea.
75
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
how is a rip current formed by the water from a wave seeking its equilibrium?
the water from the wave utilizes the easiest path and may dig holes or channels in the sand below the water's surface and in the process create what is known as a channel rip current.
77
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
how is a rip current formed groins or piers.
the groin or pier obstructs the lateral current and forces the current seaward. the obstruction will cause the currents to cut channels and holes in the ocean bottom, in turn creating a rip current.
78
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
How do you "read" incoming waves to recognize riptide conditions?
```
the incoming wave in a riptide condition will flatten out when it encounters the riptide area, while the rest of the wave will remain at the normal height on either side of the rip current. the riptide will frequently prevent a wave from breaking. many times the rip current will cause incoming waves to be "V" shaped at the center of the rip.
79
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
a strong and fast moving rip current will form white caps in the center. why does this happen?
```
Ripples and currents, similar to river currents, are apparent in most rips. sometimes the rip current will pull with such force that the cracking and roar of the turbulent water can be heard from the beach.
80
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
A large wave may cause a temporary rip current. explain
because the large wave sweeps up onto the beach further than others, it causes the condition by increasing the volume of water and the speed of its return to the main body of the ocean at the surf line.
81
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Backwash:
a backwash condition is prevalent on _______ _____ beaches at or near ________ tide. the water from a wave will gain speed as it returns to the main body of water due to the steep incline of the beach. the returning water re-enters the surf line with great force. the condition is a peril to small children playing at the water's edge.
```
steep slope, high
82
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Wave formation:
How is a wave created?
frictional drag of breeze on a calm sea creates ripples on the water surface. the ripples then present a surface against which moving air can exert pressure.
83
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Wave formation:
how does a wave break at sea.
```
the stronger the wind blows, the more water is pushed and the wave builds even higher until the crest of the wave reaches an angle of less than 120 degrees and the height of the wave is 1/7 of its length.
84
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Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Wave formation:
_______ ______ are rows of waves that are characterized by: _____, or the time taken for two consecutive crests to pass a given point. _____ ______, which is the distance between a trough and succeeding crest. as waves move out and away from the wind causing them to form, the crests become more rounded and move in fairly regular trains of similar period and height. these trains are now called ______ Swells and can travel thousands of miles to the nearest shore.
```
wave trains, period, wave length, ground
87
```
Beach Hazards (p&p 5.5.28.0-5.5.28-23)
Rip currents or rip tides:
how is a rip current formed by surf breaking?
```
these rips will not only run out through the surf, but will move in the direction of the longshore current caused by this "angled" surf. this lateral movement of the rip causes additional concern to the lifeguard. the rip may move great distances along the beach, picking up bathers as it progresses.
