Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

STEP Pathology > deck_5367042 > Flashcards

deck_5367042 Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What bone conditions might show lesions in the brain?

A

Paget’s disease or osteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What benign bone neoplasms can present on the epiphysis of a bone?

A

Chondroblastoma or giant cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What benign bone neoplasms can present on the metaphysis of long bones?

A

-osteoblastoma-osteochondroma-Non-ossifying fibroma-osteoid osteoma-Chondromyxoid fibroma-Giant cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What benign bone neoplasms can present on the diaphysis of long bones?

A

Enchondroma or Fibrous dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What malignant bone neoplasma can present on the diaphysis of long bone?

A

Ewing’s sarcoma or Chondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What malignant bone neoplasma can present on the metaphysis of long bones?

A

Osteosarcoma or Juxtacortical osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common primary bone neoplasms?

A

-MM-osteosarcoma-chondrocytomas-Ewing’s sarcoma Note that by far most bone tumors are metastatic carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Age rule with bone neoplasms

A

under 30= benign, over= malignant usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metastasis of bone neoplasms is usally via ____

A

venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Patient population for osteoma?

A

Adults and children (male slightly more than female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe osteomas

A

bone formaing tumors composed of compact or mature trabecular bone that are confined almsot exclusively to cranial-facial bones (paranasal sinuses) and present with pain, headache, and vision changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteomas are associated with what?

A

Gardner syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Gardner syndrome?

A

a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis caused by APC gene mutations on chromosome 5q21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MOI of Gardner syndrome?

A

AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is gardner syndrome characterized by primarily?

A

multiple colon polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where else can extracolonic tumors present in Gardner syndrome?

A

-osteomas in the skull-thyroid cancers-epidermoid cysts-fibromas-desmoid tumors in approx. 15% of patient s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What case the epidermoid cysts seen in Gardner syndrome?

A

doubling of the squamous layer of skin with keratin debris in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe osteoid osteomas

A

benign tumors of young (less than 25) males associated with osteoblasts that produce osteoid surrounded by a rim of reactive bone (common in cortex of long bones of the leg)less than 1.5cm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does osteoid osteoma present?

A

(may be nocturnal) bone pain in the leg of a young male that resolves with aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are osteoid osteomas treated?

A

radiofrequency ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe osteoblastomas.

A

similiar to an osteoid osteoma but is LARGER (2+ cm), and is associated with dull bone pain but IS NOT relieved by aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How else are osteoblastomas differentiated from osteoid osteomas?

A

more commonly found in the VERTEBRAE, in female and children, and NOT relieved by aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are osteoblastomas treated?

A

curettage or excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What bone neoplasm is characterized by a MALIGNANT proliferation of osteoblasts?

A

osteocarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What patient population is common for osteosarcomas?
60% male, ages 10-20
26
Associations with osteocarcomas?
Paget disease and post-radiation in older patients as well as Rb gene (retinoblastoma)= poor prognosis
27
Microscopic presentation of osteocarcoma?
spindle cell appearance with unmineralized/osteoid bone
28
How common is metastasis with osteocarcoma?
20% will have lung METs at diagnosis
29
Common spots for osteosarcoma?
-knee metaphysis (60%)-hip (15%)-shoulder (10%)-nasal (8%)
30
Buzzword on xray with osterosarcoma?
Codman Triangle- periosteal reaction (indicates an aggressive tumor)
31
Buzzoword on bone biopsy with osteosarcoma?
'lace like'
32
5 yr survival of osteosarcoma?
about 75% in children and goes down with secondary disease
33
Acquired genetic abnormalites associated with increased risk of osteosarcoma?
Rb, a critical negative regulator of the cells (mutation= 1000x risk for OS.TP53 mutation (li-Fraumeni syndrome or sporadic)INK4a, (incodes tumor suppressors)MDM2 and CDK4, cell cycle regulators that inhibit p53 and RB function, respectively
34
What are the cartilage forming tumors?
-chondroma-osteochondroma-chondrosarcoma
35
What are the types of chondroma?
benign cartilaginous tumor that is classified as either:1) enchondroma (arise from diaphyseal medullary cavity)2) subperiosteal/juxtacortical chondroma3) soft tissue chondroma
36
What genes have been ID'd in the chondrocytes if syndromic and solitary enchondromas?
IDH1 and IDH2 (also seen in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia (AML))IDH= isocitrate dehydrogenase
37
What is the most common benign tumor of bone?
osteochondroma
38
Patient population for osteochondroma?
mostly males, 10-20 yrs old
39
Describe osteochondromas
slow growing, painful benign tumors that usually stop growing at puberty and ossify
40
What characteristic appearance do osteochondromas take on in x-ray?
broccili/califlower appearance budding off bone
41
Osteochondromas rarely transform to what?
chondrosarcomas (5-10%)
42
How are osterochondromas treated?
simple excision
43
Describe osteochondroma development
intitially, at the epiphyseal plate, there is a small outpouching of cartilage, which grows proximally to the epiphyseal plate and comes to resemble a mushroom/califlower growing out of bone
44
What covers the mushroom projection caused by osteochondromas?
a cap of cartilage (dont fucking forget this)
45
Describe enchondromas
usually asymptomatic tumor that presents in the small bones of hands and feet and are mostly solitary treatment= excision or nothing
46
Patient population for enchondromas?
20-49, no gender preference
47
Note on multiple enchondromas
may produce sever deformities; associated with chondrosarcoma transformation
48
What is Maffuci syndrome?
multiple enchondromas and soft tissue hemangiomas assoicated with ovarian carcinoma and brain gliomas
49
What is Ollier disease?
nonhereditary disease of multiple enchondromas of LONG bones and flat bones (up to 50% of skeleton) with associated skeletal deformities and often ovarian sexcord tumors
50
T or F. Most lesions associated with Ollier disease progress into adulthood
F. Most regress with skeletal maturation
51
What are chondrosarcomas?
malignant cartilage forming tumors (NO OSTEOID)
52
Where do chondrosarcomas arise from?
the medulla of the pelvis or central/axial skeleton
53
Patient population for chondrosarcomas
men in 40s
54
What are the fibrous and Fibroosseous Tumors?
-Fibrous cortical defect-Fibrous dysplasia
55
What are fibrous cortical defects?
NON-OSSIFYING fibromas greater than 5cm with an intramedullary component that is benign and typically asymptomatic
56
Patient population for fibrous cortical defects?
teenagers, no gender preference
57
What causes fibrous cortical defects?
probably developmental defects
58
What causes fibrous dysplasia?
benign tumor arising during development forming a intramedullary fibrous mass (fibrous tissue instead of medullary bone) resulting in painful swollen bones prone to fracture that presents in early adolescence
59
What bones are most commonly affected by fibrous dysplasia?
ribs and femur
60
Types of fibrous dysplasia?
-monosodic-polysodic-McCUne-Albright Syndrome
61
What is McCune-Albright Syndrome?
fibrous dysplasia plus cafe-au-lait skin pigmentations and endocrine abnormalities, especially precocoius puberty
62
What are giant cell tumors of bone?
tumors of young adults (20-40s) arising from the epiphysis of long bones, typically the knee
63
The neoplastic cells of giant cell tumors express what?
high levels of RANKL
64
Buzzword for giant cell tumors?
soap bubble on x-ray
65
What tumor is commonly described grossly as 'fish flesh'?
Ewing sarcoma (PNET)
66
What causes Ewing sarcoma?
malignant proliferation of poorly differentiated cells from NEUROECTODERM second most common bone tumor in children after osteosarcoma
67
Where are Ewing sarcomas commonly found in bone?
diaphysis (medullary) in LONG bones
68
Patient population of Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) (aka Ewing)?
white male children under 15
69
X-ray appearance of Ewings?
onion skin
70
Common mutation of Ewing's?
t(11,22) translocation (EWS-FLI1 fusion)
71
How is Ewing's treated?
aggressive treated with neoadjuvant chemo followed by surgical excision with or without radiation
72
Prognosis for Ewing's?
effective dchemo achieves 5-yr survival of 75% and long term cure of 50%the amount of chemo-induced necrosis is an important prognostic finding
73
T or F. Metastatic bone tumors are more common than primary
T. Much
74
Common places that go to bone?
BLT with a Kosher Pickle80% from breast, lung, and prostatethyroid and kidney
75
Why would metastatic tumors go to axial bone?
it has a much richer blood supply
76
Which MET bone cancer is associated with osteoblastic (bone forming) lesions?
prostatic carcinoma
77
Which MET bone cancer is associated with lytic lesions?
MM (via icnreased osteoclast activation)
78
T or F. All MET bone cancers are Stage IV with poor prognosis
T. Except maybe lymphoma

STEP Pathology (80 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions