defence cells

Question 1

what cells are of myeloid origin?

Answer 1

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
eosinophils and basophils

Question 2

what cells are of lymphoid origin?

Answer 2

T cells
B cells
natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells

Question 3

what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?

Answer 3

dendritic cells

Question 4

describe characteristics of periodontitis?

Answer 4

chronic inflammatory disease
- destruction of soft and hard tissues which support the teeth

Question 5

what does removal of plaque do in periodontitis?

Answer 5

does not always lead to resolution due to immune dysregulation

Question 6

what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?

Answer 6

plaque build up

Question 7

what is the microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis?

Answer 7

plaque build up

Question 8

what happens to immune and inflammatory cells during the progression of periodontitis?

Answer 8

increase

Question 9

what are innate immune cells?

Answer 9

monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 10

where do innate immune cells come from?

Answer 10

stem cells in bone marrow

Question 11

name some examples of innate cells?

Answer 11

mast cells
monocytes and macrophages
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils and basophils
innate immune cells

Question 12

what do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

what do monocytes and macrophages do?

Answer 13

phagocytose and present antigen
- early responder to infection or tissue damage

Question 14

what do mast cells do?

Answer 14

early responders to infection or tissue damage

Question 15

where do mast cells migrate?

Answer 15

from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors)

Question 16

what do mast cells protect against?

Answer 16

pathogens particularly parasitic worms

Question 17

what are mast cells best known for their role in

Answer 17

allergy

Question 18

what are the most numerous cells in innate immune responses in the oral cavity?

Answer 18

neutrophils

Question 19

what do neutrophils contain and what do they release?

Answer 19

multiple granules (intracellular vesicles)
release neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 20

are basophils and eosinophils more or less abundant than neutrophils?

Answer 20

less

Question 21

basophils and eosinophils contain granules, what do they contain?

Answer 21

degradative enzymes and antimicrobials

Question 22

what does eosinophils play a major role in?
how?

Answer 22

defence against parasites
- larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats

Question 23

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 23

capturing a cell and degrading it to prevent infection

Question 24

summary …..

Question 25

what are granulocytes?

Answer 25

have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials

Question 26

what are granulocytes?

Answer 26

have granules containing enzymes and antimicrobials

Question 27

what are examples of innate and adaptive defence cells?

Answer 27

dendritic cells natural killer cells innate lymphoid cells etc

Question 28

where are dendritic cells derived from?

Answer 28

myeloid and lymphoid lineage

Question 29

name one type of dendritic cell?

Answer 29

langerhans cells

Question 30

what is the main role of dendritic cells?

Answer 30

antigen presenting

Question 31

where do dendritic cells move between?

Answer 31

move tissues to lymph nodes passing on info

Question 32

what activates T cells and B cells?

Answer 32

dendritic cells

Question 33

what do immature dendritic cells do in memory generation?

Answer 33

1. immature DC cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis 2. they then migrate to lymph nodes and differentiate along the way

Question 34

what do mature dendritic cells do in memory generation?

Answer 34

1. co-stimulatory activity and prime naive T cells 2. transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node

Question 35

what are natural killer cells part of (unlike myeloid cells)?

Answer 35

innate immunity

Question 36

what are 2 characteristics of NK cells?

Answer 36

large and contain granules

Question 37

what are natural killer cells important for?

Answer 37

holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

Question 38

what do natural killer cells do?

Answer 38

recognise and kill abnormal cells, tumour, viral infected cells

Question 39

what are innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 39

non-cytotoxic members of the natural killer cell family

Question 40

what do innate lymphoid cells do? what do they produce?

Answer 40

link innate and adaptive immune immunity - produce cytokines (effectors) similar to T cell subsets

Question 41

give examples of adaptive immune defence cells?

Answer 41

T cells B cells

Question 42

where do T cells mature?

Answer 42

thymus

Question 43

where do T cells circulate and where are they found?

Answer 43

circulate in blood found in lymphoid organs

Question 44

what do T cells give rise to?

Answer 44

cellular immunity

Question 45

what do T cells recognise and how?

Answer 45

recognise peptides presented by APCS through T cell receptor

Question 46

what are t helper cells? (cd4+)

Answer 46

function to help support other immune cells to fight threats

Question 47

what are cytotoxic t cells? (cd8+)

Answer 47

destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually viral)

Question 48

what are regulatory T cells? (tregs)

Answer 48

regulate or suppress other cells in immune system

Question 49

what do all T cells start as?

Answer 49

naive cells with receptors for very specific proteins

Question 50

how many signals are between a dendritic cell and a T cell?

Answer 50

3

Question 51

which signal decides what the cd4+ naive T cell will differentiate into?

Answer 51

3rd signal

Question 52

what do B cells do?

Answer 52

communicate with T cells have specific B cell receptor for antigens

Question 53

what do B cells produce?

Answer 53

antibodies

Question 54

what does clonal expansion lead to?

Answer 54

generation of 2 subsets

Question 55

what are plasma B cells?

Answer 55

big antibody factories

Question 56

what are memory B cells important for?

Answer 56

mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

Question 57

name 4 phagocytic cells?

Answer 57

neutrophils macrophages tissue defence cells mast cells

Question 58

name 3 cells that are immune cells that specialize in presenting an antigen to a T-cell?

Answer 58

macrophages dendritic cells B cells

Question 59

what immune cells fight parasitic infection?

Answer 59

eosinophils and basophils

Question 60

what immune cells are involved in allergic responses?

Answer 60

basophils mast cells

Question 61

what cells have adaptive immune response?

Answer 61

t and b lymphocytes

Question 62

what immune cells produce antibodies?

Answer 62

b cells

Question 63

what immune cells direct and control magnitude of immune reactions?

Answer 63

T cells

Question 64

what immune cells can be either myeloid or lymphoid origin?

Answer 64

dendritic cells