intro to pathology

Question 1

definition of pathology?

Answer 1

study of causes and effects of diseases (encompasses all dental/oral diseases)

Question 2

why is pathology important in dentistry?

Answer 2

• make correct diagnosis
• give correct treatment
• understand systemic diseases
• make appropriate referrals
• advise and educate patients

Question 3

what is AETIOLOGY?

Answer 3

cause (set of causes) or manner of causation of a disease or condition

Question 4

what is MORPHOLOGY?

Answer 4

phenotypic changes associated with a disease

Question 5

what is PATHOGENESIS?

Answer 5

progressive changes as a disease develops

Question 6

what is SEQUALAE?

Answer 6

what happens next? after disease develops

Question 7

what is the aetiology of dental caries?

Answer 7

bacterial origin (acidic environment)

Question 8

what is the morphology of dental caries?

Answer 8

tooth decay

Question 9

what is the pathogenesis of dental caries?

Answer 9

fermentation of sugars

Question 10

what is the sequelae of dental caries?

Answer 10

• fluoride treatments
• removal of infected tissues
• fillings and crowns
• patient advice

Question 11

what is the aetiology of periodontitis?

Answer 11

bacterial origin (tooth decay, plaque)

Question 12

what is the morphology of periodontitis?

Answer 12

gingival tissue inflammation

Question 13

what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis?

Answer 13

bacterial protease activity
elevated pro-inflammatory response etc

Question 14

what is the sequelae of periodontitis?

Answer 14

physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue

Question 15

what is the aetiology of oral cancer?

Answer 15

excessive alcohol, tobacco consumption increases susceptibility

Question 16

what is the morphology of oral cancer?

Answer 16

carcinoma formation

Question 17

what is the pathogenesis of oral cancer?

Answer 17

hyperplasia
dysplasia
carcinoma. formation

Question 18

what is the sequelae of oral cancer?

Answer 18

surgery
radiotherapy
- remission possible

Question 19

name some branches of pathology?

Answer 19

• clinical
• forensic
• general
• genetic
• haematology
• immunopathology
• microbiology

Question 20

why is it important for dentists to be aware of other body diseases?

Answer 20

they are all linked with oral diseases and have oral symptoms

Question 21

what body diseases is periodontitis linked with?

Answer 21

Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Stoke
Alzheimer’s

Question 22

what is a “surgical sieve”?

Answer 22

differential diagnosis where clinician must distinguish symptoms of disease or condition from others that present with similar symptoms

Question 23

what is vitamin CDEF?

Answer 23

V - vascular
I - infective
T - traumatic
A - autoimmune
M - metabolic
I - iatrogenic
N - neoplastic
C - congenital
D - degenerative
E - endocrine
F - functional

Question 24

what are specialist pathologists?

Answer 24

microbiologists
Immunologists etc

Question 25

what are the 4 key organs of our immune system?

Answer 25

thymus bone marrow lymph nodes spleen

Question 26

what is the thymus?

Answer 26

small organ behind breast bone - where T cells mature

Question 27

what are the lymph nodes?

Answer 27

small structures that produce and store cells that fight infection/disease - get large and sore due to infection

Question 28

what is bone marrow?

Answer 28

yellow tissue found in bones formation of white blood cells that become lymphocytes

Question 29

what is the spleen?

Answer 29

largest lymphatic organ - contains white blood cells fights infection and disease controls amount of blood in body

Question 30

what does the lymphatic system do?

Answer 30

- links key organs - drains excess fluid from tissues - removes debris from cells of body - transports fat from digestive system

Question 31

what is the lymphatic system?

Answer 31

subsystem of circulatory system

Question 32

what is innate immunity?

Answer 32

first line of non-specific defence effective arise in 1 to 3 days - regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, rarely causes diseases

Question 33

what is adaptive immunity?

Answer 33

second line of defence specific and acquired MEMORY long lived arrises in 4 to 10 days - repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response

Question 34

what can adaptive immunity be further divided into? explain....

Answer 34

cellular and humoral B cells ........

Question 35

what are the 3 components of innate immunity?

Answer 35

epithelium - physical barrier innate cell subsets and complement chemokines and cytokines

Question 36

what do chemokine do?

Question 37

what do cytokines do?

Question 38

........

Question 39

what is inflammation?

Answer 39

reaction aimed at eliminating inciting cause eg. foreign agent

Question 40

name some inciting agents that cause inflammation?

Answer 40

1. invading microorganisms 2. particulate materials (dust, joint prostheses eg. denture material) 3. altered self cells 4. transformed malignant cells (cancer)

Question 41

what happens during inflammation?

Answer 41

INITIATION - response to harmful agents PROGRESSION - containment of harmful agents AMPLIFICATION - modulation of immune response RESOLUTION - healing (acute inflammation) FAILURE TO RESOLVE - (chronic inflammation)

Question 42

give an example of acute inflammatory disease?

Answer 42

gingivitis

Question 43

give an example of chronic inflammatory disease?

Answer 43

periodontitis

Question 44

describe acute immune response?

Answer 44

appropriate response for threat, resolution when no longer required

Question 45

describe chronic immune response?

Answer 45

unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage

Question 46

what can an inappropriate immune response cause?

Answer 46

pathologies