Definition of Terms, Branches of Science, Scientific method and its Limitations

Question 1

defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. It was originally called “philosophy of the natural world” since it is stemmed from the ancient Greeks’ to know about nature.

Answer 1

science

Question 2

tekhne

Answer 2

art or craft

Question 3

logia

Answer 3

subject or interest

Question 4

the first scientists were called:

Answer 4

“Philosophers of nature.”

Question 5

They sought to discover the truth behind material things and natural things. It was the task of philosophers to observe the world and beyond, and to discover what makes materials the same and what makes them different

Answer 5

scientists

Question 7

the applications of what we know about nature using scientific principles for the betterment of human situation

Answer 7

technology

Question 8

emerged in the fifteenth century

Answer 8

society

Question 9

French word of society

Answer 9

société

Question 10

The French word, in turn, had its origin in the Latin

Answer 10

societas

Question 11

“Friendly association with others,”

Answer 11

societas

Question 12

“Companion, associate, comrade or business partner.”

Answer 12

socius

Question 13

its members share some mutual concern or interest, a common objective or common characteristics, often a common culture

Answer 13

society

Question 14

characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institution.

may also include an organized group of people with political, cultural, religious, patriotic and other purposes

Answer 14

society

Question 15

derives theories and predictions.

deals with the study of natural phenomena through observation, experimentation and use of scientific methods

Answer 15

natural science or pure science

Question 16

Deals with abstract concepts; uses mental faculties

Answer 16

formal science

Question 17

behavior of individuals and groups

Answer 17

social science

Question 18

“Technology” focuses on developing a product that can be used in solving world problems

Answer 18

applied science

Question 19

nonliving things like physics, chemistry, astronomy, history, economy, sociology, engineering, etc.

Answer 19

physical science

Question 20

living things like biology, zoology, psychology, etc.

Answer 20

life science

Question 21

Biology and Chemistry

Answer 21

biochemistry

Question 22

Geology and Physics

Answer 22

geophysics

Question 23

Astronomy + Biology + Physics

Answer 23

Astrobiophysics

Question 24

Study life in outer space

Answer 24

astrobiology

Question 25

Geology and biology

Answer 25

geobiology

Question 26

Biology from natural sciences and statistics

Answer 26

Biostatistics

Question 27

s step- by- step method used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of this coincided with changes in philosophy underpinning scientific discovery, radically transforming the views of society about nature.

Answer 27

scientific method

Question 28

During the European Renaissance, they formalized the concept of the scientific method and put it into practice.

Answer 28

Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton

Question 29

Prior to investigation this stage frequently requires background research necessary to understand the subject matter and past work on similar ideas.

Answer 29

step 1: the observation and question

Question 30

based on prior knowledge. an “uncertain explanation” or an unproven conjecture that seeks to explain some phenomenon based on knowledge obtained while executing subsequent experiments or observations.

Answer 30

step 2: hypothesis

Question 31

is one that generates testable predictions, addressed through observations or experiments.

Answer 31

testable hypothesis

Question 32

one that, through observation of conflicting outcomes, can be proven wrong.

Answer 32

falsifiable hypothesis

Question 33

tested against the alternative hypothesis and reflects that there will be no observed change in the experiment.

Answer 33

null hypothesis

Question 34

is the predicted outcome of the experiment. If the null hypothesis is rejected, then this builds evidence

Answer 34

alternative hypothesis

Question 35

Either way, the next step is to make more observations or to conduct experiments leading to conclusions. Following the formulation of hypotheses, scientists plan and conduct experiments to test their hypotheses. These experiments provide data that will either support or falsify the hypothesis.

Answer 35

Step 3: Experimentation and Data Collection

Question 36

refers to observations that can be made simply using one's senses, be that through sight, sound, taste, smell, or touch.

Answer 36

Qualitative information

Question 37

ones in which precise measurements of some type are used to investigate one's hypothesis.

Answer 37

quantitative observations

Question 38

a procedure designed to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or refute the derived predictions in the hypothesis.

Answer 38

experiment

Question 39

another critical step in the scientific method and can have a great effect on the results and conclusions

Answer 39

experimental design

Question 40

Two types of variables are used to describe the conditions in an experiment

Answer 40

independent variable and dependent variable

Question 41

directly manipulated or controlled by the scientist and is generally what one predicts will affect the dependent variable.

Answer 41

independent variable

Question 42

or response, variable thus depends on the value of the independent variable.

Answer 42

dependent variable

Question 43

represents a non-manipulated treatment condition. kept in the same conditions as the experimental treatment, but the experimental manipulation is not applied to the control

Answer 43

control treatment

Question 44

involves determining what the results from the experiment mean. Scientists compare the predictions of their null hypothesis to that of their alternative hypothesis to determine if they are able to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer 44

Step 4: Results and Data Analysis

Question 45

there is a significant probability that values of the dependent variable in the control versus experimental treatments are not equal to each other.

Answer 45

Rejecting the null hypothesis

Question 46

The last portion of the scientific method involves providing explanations of the results and the conclusions that can be logically drawn from the results.

Answer 46

Step 5: Conclusions