MODULE 2 Historical Developments in Science, Technology, and Society

Question 1

focused more on transportation, navigation, communication, record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, health, aesthetics, and architecture.

Answer 1

ancient civilization

Question 2

considered as the cradle of early
civilization, which transpired in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) region of the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Answer 2

Sumerian Civilization

Question 3

One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the first
writing system

first developed by the ancient
Sumerians of Mesopotamia around 3500-3000 BCE

Answer 3

cuneiform

Question 4

discovered and deciphered in the late 19th century CE, they would literally transform human understanding of history. Prior to their discovery, the Bible was considered the oldest and most
authoritative book in the world.

Answer 4

cuneiform tablets of Mesopotamia

Question 5

• It is considered the first true city in the world,
• the origin of writing,
• the first example of architectural work,
• the origin of the ziggurat
• first city to develop the cylinder
  seal

Answer 5

uruk city

Question 6

the ancient Mesopotamians used this to designate personal property or as a signature on documents.

Answer 6

cylinder seal

Question 7

the Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mix with reeds, producing sun -baked bricks – a true engineering feat

Answer 7

uruk city

Question 8

Pyramidal stepped temple
tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now mainly in Iraq) from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.

it was always built with a core of mud brick and an exterior covered with baked brick.

Answer 8

the great ziggurat of uruk city

Question 9

• flourished from approximately 1900 to 539 BC in the central and southern regions of Mesopotamia.
• The original dwellers of Mesopotamia (Sumerian and Akkadians) were incorporated after the invasion of dynastic kings.
• became rich centers of learning, especially in the areas of astronomy (including the division of the night sky into a zodiac of constellations),
  mathematics, and medicine.

Answer 9

Babylonian civilization

Question 10

The inscribed calculation methods on clay tablets shows multiplication table, addition,
subtraction, sexagesimal, and also fractions. Additionally, they even use the “Pythagorean Theorem” long before it was known. Babylonian science was all
practical and always used for the good of the state.
They also used math to produce sage equipment and other facets of warfare.

Answer 10

Babylonian math

Question 11

played a subordinate role in mathematics for quite some
time in Babylonian history. After several dynasties, ___ became more important and associated with religion which led to begin mapping out constellations, dividing thirty-six into three circles represented by the gods Anu, Ellil, and Ea. Planets were associated with different deities and ziggurats in the city which became temples, scribal schools, and celestial observatories.

For the Babylonians, it consisted of making temporal predictions and decisions based on the movements of the celestial bodies. After observing the planets and stars, Babylonian scientists would suggest to the king such things as when and where to plant crops, when to pursue diplomacy, and when to go to war

Answer 11

ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY

Question 12

Babylonians were able to create calendars that were more accurate than those produced by their contemporaries because their calendrical observations were aided by advances in
astronomy and math, which helped to iron out potential problems.

Answer 12

babylonian calendar

Question 13

studying the stars

Answer 13

astronomy

Question 14

This means Babylonian calendar was based on both the Moon (lunar) and the Sun (solar).

Answer 14

lunisolar system

Question 15

A month began when a new crescent moon was seen in the sky.

Answer 15

12 lunar months

Question 16

Each month had 29 or 30 days (depending on the moon cycle).

Answer 16

month length

Question 17

Since 12 months only made 352 days (shorter than a solar year), they added an extra month every 3 years or so to keep their calendar aligned with the seasons.

Answer 17

leap month

Question 18

They divided the months into weeks, and each week had 7 days (which influenced the modern calendar).

Answer 18

7-day week

Question 19

Each day had:
24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
(This system is still used today)

Answer 19

time system

Question 20

accurate that it helped Greek and Jewish scholars predict eclipses (when the Sun or Moon gets blocked).

Answer 20

Babylonian calendar

Question 21

one of the most fascinating civilizations in history. It is known for its mysteries, especially about its religion, pyramids, and monuments.

Answer 21

Egyptian Civilization

Question 22

This river provided water and fertile soil, allowing the Egyptians to develop advanced agriculture.

Answer 22

nile river

Question 23

they built massive pyramids, temples, and the Sphinx, which are still admired today.

Answer 23

architecture

Question 24

Egyptians believed that both the body and soul were important in life and after death.

Answer 24

religion and after life

Question 25

They preserved dead bodies through mummification to help the soul return to the body in the afterlife.

Answer 25

Mummification & Tombs

Question 26

they buried the dead with food, tools, treasures, and daily items to help them live comfortably in the afterlife.

Answer 26

burial items

Question 27

the only surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Answer 27

Great Pyramid of Giza

Question 28

A land full of mysteries, no other civilization has captivated both scholars and ordinary people alike. Its origins, religion, and massive structures—colossal temples, towering pyramids, and the mighty Sphinx—remain shrouded in mystery.

Answer 28

ancient egypt

Question 29

stand as the most renowned of all ancient monuments, the last surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Answer 29

egyptian pyramids

Question 30

stocked with food, tools, household goods, treasures

Answer 30

tombs

Question 31

The Egyptians were among the first to formally divide their days into parts resembling hours. The Obelisk, sundial, and Clepsydra are the devices that they used to tell the time of the day.

Answer 31

Egyptian clocks

Question 32

uses the light from the sun creating shadows.

Answer 32

obelisk and sundial

Question 33

uses the gradual flow of water to tell time. water clock

Answer 33

clepsydra

Question 34

Egyptians figured out how to extract copper, iron, bronze from mines and many others but their greatest was gold. Mines supplied thousands of jobs for the people and gods were created based on the metals. These metals were then melted down and put into casts to create the many figurines and extravagant gold creations that they are known for. They also used similar techniques to make glass, which was very important in daily life.

Answer 34

metallurgy

Question 35

has been worn traditionally since the Protodynastic Period of Egypt (ca. 3100 BCE) by Egyptian queens and noble women, who used stibnite (the sulfide of antimony rather than of lead).

Answer 35

kohl

Question 36

a plant (Cyperus papyrus) which once grew in abundance, primarily in the wilds of the Egyptian Delta but also elsewhere in the Nile River Valley but is now quite rare. Besides writing, it was used as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, as window shades, material for toys such as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat diseases, & even to make small fishing boats

Answer 36

aper or papyrus

Question 37

was originally used as protec- tion against eye ailments. There was also a belief that darkening around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun

Answer 37

kohl

Question 38

The Egyptians were among the first to use -_____, not just for beauty but also for health and protection.

Answer 38

cosmetics

Question 39

system that employs characters in the form of pictures. Those individual signs, called hieroglyphs, may be read either as pictures, as symbols for pictures, or as symbols for sounds

Answer 39

heiroglyphic writing

Question 40

Numerous scientific and technological advances were accomplished philosophers started to adopt new perspectives on the world. They developed hypotheses about how the universe operated and believed that the natural world adhered to a set of rules that could be observed and understood via research

Answer 40

greek civilizaion

Question 41

helped with the production of rice, beans, and cereals. agricultural processes less effort and time

Answer 41

water mill

Question 42

one of the most utilized gadgets that was invented by the ancient Greeks. first made with the dripping of water, causing a rock to fall onto a gong at a set time. Although during that time did not resemble the present-day, the purpose was just the same- to tell an individual when to stop and when to start.

Answer 42

alarm clock

Question 43

they created doctor to patient confidentiality, and they also started to notice that diseases were curable (Ancient History Lists). Some of the diseases included leprosy, diabetes, anemia, and plague (Ancient Greece Mythology Diseases)

Answer 43

earliest practice of medicine

Question 44

Greeks were avid students of the natural world, which included studying living things. The History of Animals is a book that Aristotle composed after conducting extensive research on animals. He had a long-lasting impact on zoologists by categorizing animals based on their many traits. Aristotle's work was carried on by other Greek scientists who studied and classified plants

Answer 44

biology

Question 45

The Greeks invented the this to help lift heavy items such as blocks for constructing buildings

Answer 45

crane

Question 46

As they did in other areas like combat, art, and theater, they incorporated older Greek science for their own goals, assessing it, and then adopting or rejecting what was most helpful. The practical contributions made to the development of disciplines like architecture, engineering, and medicine, which were supported by advancements in sciences like geometry, physics, and biology, the traditional historical perspective that ___ had no noteworthy sciences of their own has been reevaluated.

Answer 46

roman civilization

Question 47

Latin for block of wood, book; plural codices modern book used for manuscripts was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll (Links to an external site.), which was the first book form in all Eurasian cultures.

Answer 47

codex

Question 48

a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover.

Answer 48

bound books (orcodex)

Question 49

The Flavian Amphitheatre is one of Rome's most famous buildings and enduring monuments to the culture of the ancient Romans. Romans were famous for their advancement in architecture and engineering. Before the Romans, the most commonly used building style was the post and lintel. This way of building was of course limited in the weight it could carry and therefore the span between the supports. The Romans changed all this and advanced this by introducing new methods of architecture; The Columns and The Arches. With these methods the romans were able to construct bigger temples and buildings than ever before

Answer 49

the colosseum