definitions Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
the study of the cause of disease
A
etiology
2
Q
how a disease develops
A
pathogenesis
3
Q
disease with no identifiable cause
A
idiopathic
4
Q
disease the occurs as a result of medical treatment
A
iatrogenic
5
Q
period during which there is a decrease in severity of disease
A
remission
6
Q
severity of disease made worse
A
exacerbation
7
Q
decrease in size
A
atrophy
8
Q
increase in size
A
hypertrophy
9
Q
increase in number of cells
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hyperplasia
10
Q
reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
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metaplasia
11
Q
abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
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dysplasia
12
Q
lack of sufficient oxygen for cells
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hypoxia
13
Q
reduced blood supply to cells in one area
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ischemia
14
Q
type of endogenous free radicals that are kept in check by KOS scavengers
A
reactive oxygen species
15
Q
caused by hypoxia and infarcts, is the manifestation of protein deviation (coagulation) which causes the tissue to become firm and opaque
A
coagulative necrosis
16
Q
a pattern of cell death caused by several etiological factors
A
liquefactive necrosis
17
Q
a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance
A
caseous necrosis
18
Q
A benign condition in which fat tissue in the breast or other organs is damaged by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy
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fat necrosis
19
Q
a condition that occurs due to coagulative necrosis. Skin becomes dry, wrinkles and dark
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dry gangrene
20
Q
a condition that occurs due to liquefactive necrosis, unusually in internal organs, where area becomes cold, swollen, and blck with a foul odor due to bacterial action
A
wet gangrene
21
Q
a specific condition caused by infection with a species of bacteria (clostridium species)
A
gas gangrene
22
Q
programmed cell death caused by both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cell suicide)
A
apoptosis
23
Q
part of the innate (non-specific) immune response to tissue injury or microbial infection. Relatively severe, but short term
A
acute inflammation
24
Q
lasts longer than acute inflammation.Your body continues sending inflammatory cells even when there is no outside danger
A
chronic inflammation
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activate the inflammatory response
mast cell
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cascade reactions that activate proteins which either kill pathogens directly or intensify reactions of other components of the inflammatory response = very potent defenders against bacteria infection
complement system
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one of the first chemicals to be released during acute inflammation. Increases vascular dilation and permeability
histamine
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made from long chain fatty acids that produce various effects (induce inflammation, vasoconstriction/dilation) depending upon the tissue. Leukotrienes important cause of asthma and anaphylaxis
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
29
proteins produced by many cell types to communicate with each other in producing an effective inflammatory response
cytokines
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function mainly as chemoattractants to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells
chemokines
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low protein content, similar to fluid under a blister
serous exudate
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greater injury, increased inflammation and vessels become more permeable, releasing more proteins out into tissue. Flud is sticky and thick, and may have to be removed for healing
fibrinous exudate
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“pus”- severe inflammation accompanied by infection. Large pockets may have to be drained for healing to occur
purulent exudate
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contains a large amount of RBC. Occurs with severe inflammation
hemorrhagic exudate
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an increase in the number of immature cell types among the blood cells in a sample of blood
shift to the left
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chemicals released by cells in the injured area attract leukocytes
chemotaxis
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a special type of chronic inflammation characterized by often focal collections of macrophages, epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells
granulomatous inflammation
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injured tissues are returned to almost original structure and function
regeneration
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replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue
replacement
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continually dividing. Epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells
labile cells
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normally stop dividing when growth ceases, but can regenerate if simulated. Liver, kidney, smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells
stable cells
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cannot regenerate- will be replaced with scar tissue. Nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
fixed cells
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grows in from healthy connective tissue at the edges of the wound. Red in colour, delicate, and easily broken down by microbes or stress. Contains blood vessels, fibroblasts, and collagen
granulation tissue
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healing from clean incisions. Not much contraction or sealing required
healing by primary intention
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healing from open wounds. Requires a lot of sealing, filling in and contraction.
healing by secondary intention
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fibrous bands of tissue that attach to internal organs. Typically occurs with healing after surgery. Ay restrict normal movement
adhesions
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excessive scar that extends beyond wound boundaries
keloid scar
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excessive contraction of wound causes deformity, restricted movement
contracture
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sutured wound in which the wound is pulled apart along the suture line
dehiscence
50
abnormal passageway between two structures that does not normally exist. Develop through disease or surgery
fistula
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narrowing of passageway. Can arise through inflammatory processes, scar tissue
stritures
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an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the individual
hypersensitivity
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an inappropriate immune response to tissues normally present in the body
autoimmune response
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an immune response to alternative forms of an antigen not found in recipient’s body
alloimmune response
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IgE mediated reactions
type I hypersensitivity
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antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity
type II hypersensitivity
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immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
type III hypersensitivity
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cell-mediated hypersensitivity
type IV hypersensitivity
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the most severe systemic allergic reaction- generally type I mechanism. Triggered by substances that are injected or ingested
anaphylaxis
60
a state of immunological control whereby an individual does not make a detrimental immune response against their own cells and tissues
immunotolerance
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occurs immediately, usually to pre-existing recipient antibody to the donor antigen
hyperacute rejection
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occurs within days to months after the transplant- type IV reaction
acute rejection
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occurs after months to years. Slow, progressive organ failure of the transplanted tissue/organ due to blood vessel damage and fibrosis- weak type IV hypersensitivity
chronic rejection
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when the transplanted tissue contains components of the donor’s immune system that recognize the recipient’s tissue as foreign, and attack it
graft vs. host disease
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the failure of the immune system to function normally, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections
immunodeficiency
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an antigen involved in an allergic response
allergen
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symptom of itching
pruritus
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a localized pruritic skin disruption characterized by wheals and hives
urticaria
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new growth = tumor
neoplasm
70
cells acquiring the characteristics of the tissue that they make up
cell differentiation
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have lost ability to control proliferation, but growth is usually slow and may come to a stop, made of fairly well-differentiated cells and well organized stroma, do not invade beyond their capsule, no metastasis
benign tumor
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more rapid growth rate. Loss of differentiation and tissue organization. Cells are pleomorphic
malignant tumour
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from epithelial tissue
carcinoma
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from mesenchymal tissue
sarcoma
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loss of differentiation
anaplasia
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spread far beyond the tissue of origin
metastasis
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growth with malignant characteristics in epithelial tissue that has not (yet) invaded local tissue
carcinoma in situ
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active enzyme that can lengthen telomeres = dividing without a limit
telomerase
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genes that in their normal non-mutant state code for proteins that cause the cell to divide
proto-oncogene
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genes that code for proteins that slow the rate of cell division or stop it when the cell is damaged
tumour suppressor gene
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substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are either present in or on tumor cells, or found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine
tumour markers
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the secretions surrounding a tumor can contain cells of the tumor. Examination of the secretion can reveal abnormal cells
pap test
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according to cellular characteristics. A portion of the tumor is obtained through a biopsy. The closer the tumor cells resemble normal tissue, the lower the grade
grading (of cancer)
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includes size and spread of the disease
staging (of cancer)
85
symptoms triggered by cancer, but not caused by direct local effects of the tumor mass
paraneoplastic syndrome
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loss of body mass due to metabolic disturbances caused by a disease and cannot be reversed nutritionally- occurs even with adequate caloric intake
cachexia
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chemotherapy given alone
induction chemotherapy
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given after surgery to hopefully kill the cells that fluffed off/spread
adjuvant chemotherapy
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given before surgery to reduce tumor size for easier removal
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
90
a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
anemia
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vitamin b12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
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small and pale
Microcytic-hypochromic
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a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells
iron deficiency anemia
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normal color
Normocytic-normochromic
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excessive erythrocyte presence
Polycythemia
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an early response to infection
Neutrophilia
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with severe prolonged infections, production can't keep up with demand
Neutropenia
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extremely low counts of genulocytes. Can be caused by chemotherapy
Agranulocytosis (granulocytopenia)
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usually produced through viral infection
Lymphocytosis
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immune deficiencies, neoplasia, drugs, no known cause
Lymphocytopenia
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acute infection of B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis
102
a reduction in all cellular components of the blood
pancytopenia
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rapid growth of immature blood cells. Abrupt onset of disease: short survival time (untreated)
Acute leukemia
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slow growth of more mature (differentiated) cells which do not function normally
Chronic leukemia
105
small spontaneous bleeding without any trauma
Petechiae
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larger spontaneous bleeding without any trauma
purpura
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too many platelets
thrombocythemia
108
disease of tunica intima of arteries, fibrous fatty lesions form in large/medium-sized arteries
Atherosclerosis
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high blood pressure
hypertension
110
hypertension, proteinuria, adverse conditions when woman is pregnant
preeclampsia
111
local outpouching of vessel or heart chamber wall, usually in the abdominal aorta, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension
aneurism
112
veins in which blood has pooled, producing distended, tortuous and palpable vessels
Varicose veins
113
inadequate venous return over a long period of time, which impairs blood flow to the area
chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)
114
the development of a thrombus in deep vein
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
115
chronic ischemia of heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease
Chronic ischemic heart disease
116
the surface of a plaque experiences small disruptions, leading to the development of small thromboses, which cause periods of occlusion
Unstable angina
117
the clot lodges permanently in the vessel and the entire thickness of the myocardium becomes ischemic
STEMI
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sometimes thrombus disintegrates before complete tissue necrosis: only sub endocardium affected
Non-STEMI
119
able to see due to necrosis and MI
Cardiac biomarkers
120
chest pain caused by transient myocardial ischemia not severe enough to cause necrosis
Stable angina pectoris
121
diverse group of diseases that primarily affect the myocardium, itself
Cardiomyopathy
122
narrowing of valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of emptying chamber
Stenosis
123
permits backward flow
Incompetent (regurgitant) valve
124
range from occasional "missed" or rapid beats to serious disturbances that impair the pumping ability of the heart
Disrhythmias/Arrhythmias
125
the most serious cardiac arrhythmia
Ventricular fibrillation
126
occurs when conduction is excessively delayed or stopped at the AV node or bundle of His
Heart block
127
when the heart is unable to generate an adequate cardiac output
Heart failure
128
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
Preload
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the more stretched the ventricle wall, the greater the force of contraction (up to a maximum value)
Frank-Starling law of the heart
130
resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle
Afterload
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contractility (force of contraction) of muscle is the ability of the actin and myosin of the heart muscle to interact and shorten against a load
Inotropy
132
myocardial contractility is impaired, leading to a decrease in ejection fraction and thus cardiac output
Systolic heart failure
133
inability of right ventricle to move deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation into the pulmonary circulation
Right heart failure
134
when right heart failure occurs independently of left heart failure, in response to pulmonary disease
Cor pulmonale
135
decreased cardiac output
Cardiogenic shock
136
not enough blood volume, caused by loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid in large amounts
Hypovolemic shock
137
result of massive vasodilation such that, although the volume of the blood has not changed, the amount of space containing the blood has increased, resulting in a decrease in BP below that required to drive nutrients across capillary membranes to the cells
Distributive shock
138
result of massive vasodilation resulting from overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system and under-stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
Neurogenic shock
139
results from widespread hypersensitivity reaction, known as anaphylaxis
Anaphylactic shock
140
severe infection with a microorganism has two possible effects: the microorganism releases toxins that stimulate an overwhelming inflammatory response, and/or there is an overwhelming inflammatory response to the microorganism, itself
Septic shock
141
results from mechanical obstruction of the flow of blood through the central circulation
Obstructive shock
142
discomfort in breathing
Dyspnea
143
dyspnea upon lying down
Orthopnea
144
awakening at night with dyspnea
PND- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
145
expectoration of blood
Hemoptysis
146
bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes, caused by increased amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
Cyanosis
147
selective bulbous enlargement of the end of a digit
Clubbing
148
increased carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia
149
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
Hypoxemia
150
reduced oxygenation of cells
Hypoxia
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balance between alveolar ventilation and perfusion
V/Q ratio
152
blood moving through unventilated parts of the lung where blood physically doesn't go through the lungs, due to defects in the heart
Physiological right to left shunt
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multiple consecutive ribs are broken
Flail chest
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presence of air in the pleural space caused by a rupture in the visceral or parietal pleura
Pneumothorax
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presence of excess fluid in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
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infected pleural effusion. A collection of pus in the pleural space
Empyema
157
collapse of lung tissue, by external compression, obstructed airways, inhalation of concentrated oxygen, decreased production of surfactant, etc.
Atelectasis
158
occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus
Pulmonary embolism
159
elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure
Pulmonary hypertension
160
characterized by airway obstruction that causes difficult exhalation
COPD
161
incomplete expirations
Air trapping
162
hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years
Chronic bronchitis
163
a loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveolar walls and capillaries
Emphysema
164
classic tripod breathing position, with lips pursed to increase lung pressure during exhalation, in an attempt to keep breathing passaged open
Pink puffer
165
hypoxemia and edema caused by eventual right heart failure
Blue bloater
166
more severe aspect of ALI
ARDS
167
inadequate gas exchange, leading to lower PaO2, higher PaCO2 and pH < 7.30
Acute respiratory failure
168
from V/Q mismatch, impaired diffusion
Hypoxemic respiratory failure
169
the increase in arterial CO2 is due to a failure in ventilation, which also causes hypoxemia
Hypercapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure
170
inspiratory stridor, hoarseness and a barking cough
Croup
171
wheezing tone produced during inspiration, indicating obstruction of upper respiratory pathway
Stridor
172
indentations of skin around ribs and sternum, showing use of accessory muscles of respiration
Retraction
173
the return of stomach contents into the esophagus
GERD
174
upset stomach
Dyspepsia
175
a break in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer
176
black foul smelling stools from digestion of blood
Melena
177
vomiting of blood, either bright red or "coffee ground" appearing
Hematemesis
178
chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa, most commonly in the rectum and sigmoid colon
Ulcerative colitis
179
an urge to defecate, even if the colon is empty
Tenesmus
180
an abrupt increase in diameter of colon that could rupture
Toxic megacolon
181
inflammatory disease of the intestine, thought to be unregulated response against bacteria
Crohn’s disease
182
malabsorptive disease where the mucosa fails to absorb digested nutrients
Celiac disease
183
abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous system
Portal hypertension
184
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
185
varicose veins in esophageal wall than can easily rupture
Esophageal varices
186
varices caused by collateral shunts between veins in abdominal wall
Caput medusa
187
liver dysfunctions and collateral vessels that shunt blood past the liver allow toxins to remain in bloodstream and reach the brain
Hepatic encephalopathy
188
flapping of hands
Asterixis
189
jaundice
Icterus
190
an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease, casued by direct damage and inflammation from many disorders
Cirrhosis
191
nose bleeds
Epistaxis
192
the formation of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
193
inflammation of gallbladder
Cholecystitis
