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Chemistry 101 > DEFINITIONS > Flashcards

DEFINITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

acid -bronsted lowry

A

proton H+ donor

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2
Q

acid -arrhenius

A

produces H+( hydrogen ion) by dissociated in water (aqueous solution)

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3
Q

acidic oxide

A

oxide that lowers pH in water

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4
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy needed for colliding particles to react

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5
Q

addition polymerisation

A

monomers combining to form a large molecule

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6
Q

absorption

A

the method of attachment of gaseous or liquid molecules to solid surface

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7
Q

AAS- atomic absorption spectrometry

A

instrumental method used to analyse water for heavy metals

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8
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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9
Q

BOD - biochemical oxygen demand

A

amount of oxygen consumed in p.p.m. (mg1-1) when sample kept in dark for 5 days at 20C

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10
Q

atomic orbital

A

region around nucleus in which there is high probability of finding electron

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11
Q

atomic radius

A

half the distance between the centres of singly bonded atoms of the same element

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12
Q

atomic sub level

A

a sub division of a main energy level consisting of one or more orbitals of the same energy

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13
Q

auto ignition

A

tendency to premature ignition

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14
Q

avogadros law

A

equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules under same conditions of temperature and pressure

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15
Q

base-arrhenius

A

produces OH- as only an ion in aqueous solution

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16
Q

base -bronsted lowry

A

proton H+ acceptor

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17
Q

bond energy

A

average energy required to break 1 mole of bonds into separate atoms in the gaseous state

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18
Q

boyles law

A

PV=k at constant temperature

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19
Q

catalyst

A

substance that alters rate of reaction and is not used up

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20
Q

catalytic cracking

A

splitting of long chain molecules by heat and catalyst

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21
Q

catalytic poison

A

substance that blocks the active site of a catalyst and stops it working

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22
Q

charles law

A

V/T=k at constant pressure

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23
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

state in which rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction

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24
Q

chromatography

A

separation of a mixture of components based on their relative attractions for a stationary phase while carried in a mobile phase

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25
Condensation reaction
Production of a more complex molecule with formation of an unsaturated compound (or double bond) by the loss of a small molecule
26
Conjugate acid (bronsted Lowry)
Produced by gain of one proton (H+)
27
Conjugate pair
Acid base differing by proton
28
Covalent bond
Involving the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
29
Crystals
Regular solids made up of particles (atoms,ions,molecules) with fades intersecting at iced (definite, specific, characteristic) angles or consisting of particles in a lattice
30
Dobereiners triads
Elements of similar properties in groups of three
31
Dynamic
Reaction has not stopped
32
Effective collision
One that results in a reaction
33
Electrolysis
Chemical reaction caused by electric current passing through an electrolyte
34
Electronegativity
Measure of relative attraction for shared electrons
35
Element
An element cannot be broken down into anything simpler
36
Energy level
Shell which electrons of equal energy can occupy
37
Equilibrium
Rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction
38
Eutrophication
Excess plant growth caused by excess nutrient in water
39
Excited state
Higher energy state or in n > 1 level (shell)
40
Feedstock
Modified and purified raw materials
41
First ionisation energy
Minimum energy to remove most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state
42
Flocculation
The clumping of suspended solids
43
gay lussacs law
the volumes measured at the same temperature and pressure of reacting gases and their gaseous products are in small whole number ratios
44
greenhouse factor
stating its influence on the green house effect compared with carbon dioxide
45
greenhouse effect
blocking the escape of radiation by gases in the atmosphere
46
greenhouse gas
atmospheric gas that prevents escape of heat
47
ground state
in lowest energy state or in n = 1 level (shell)
48
half life
time taken for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay
49
hard water
does not form a lather with soap | forms scum with soap
50
soft water
forms a lather with soap
51
temporary hardness
removed by boiling caused by calcium (magnesium) hydrogencarbonate
52
hardness
not removed by boiling caused by calcium or magnesium chloride or sulphate
53
heat of combustion
heat change when one mole of a substance is burned completely in excess oxygen
54
heat of formation
heat change when one mole of a compound formed from its elements in their standard states
55
heat of reaction
heat change when the number of moles of reactants in the balanced equation react completely
56
heinsbergs uncertainty principle
it is not possible to measure the exact position and velocity of electron in atom at same time
57
hetrogeneous catalyst
reactants and catalyst in different phases
58
homogeneous catalyst
reactants and catalyst in the same phase
59
hydrocarbon
compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon only
60
ideal gas
a gas the that obeys the gas laws at all values of temperature and pressure
61
immiscible liquids
do not mix or do not dissolve in each other
62
isomers
compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula
63
isotopes
atoms of same element with different mass numbers due to different number of neutrons
64
intermolecular
forces between molecules
65
intramolecular
forces between atoms in a molecule
66
Kw
(H+)(OH-)
67
le chateliers principle
reactions at equilibrium oppose applied stressed
68
limiting reagent
substance that is totally consumed when chemical reaction is complete
69
mole
contains the avogadros number (6*10*23) of particles or relative molecular mass in grams
70
mass number
number or protons and neutrons in the atom of an isotope
71
nitrogen fixation
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to compound that can be used by plants
72
octane number
measure of the tendency of a fuel to auto ignite
73
orbital
region in which electron is likely to be found
74
oxidation
loss of electrons or increase in oxidation number
75
pH
-log10(H3O+)
76
Pi Bond
side on overlap of p orbitals
77
primary standard
pure, stable, high molecular mass substance from which solutions of known concentration can be made
78
primary treatment
removal of solids by screening and settlement (sedimentation)
79
radioactivity
spontaneous breaking up of a nucleus to release a,b or y radiation
80
rate of a chemical reaction
change in concentration of reactant or product per unit time
81
reduction
gain of electrons or increase in oxidation number
82
relative atomic mass
average mass of atoms of element relative 1/12 mass of carbon atom or isotope
83
reversible
can go in both directions
84
scrubbing
method of removing pollutants from industrial chimney gases
85
secondary treatment (sewage)
biological oxidation
86
sigma bond
head on (end on) overlap of orbitals
87
standardised
concentration got by another titration (or colorimetry or u.v. spectroscopy)
88
strong acid -bronsted lowry
good proton donor
89
strong acid- arrhenius
completely dissociate into ions in dilute aqueous solution
90
structural isomer
compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
91
sub level
a sub division of a main energy level consisting of one or more orbitals of the same energy
92
tertiary treatment (of sewage)
removal of nitrogen compounds (nitrates) and phosphorus compounds (phosphates)
93
unsaturated
having at least one carbon to carbon double or triple bond
94
volatile
easily vaporised
95
weak acid -bronsted lowry
poor proton donor
96
weak acid -arrhenius
lightly dissociates into H3O+ ions in dilute aqueous solution

Chemistry 101 (10 decks)

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