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Statistics gcse (edexcel) > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is absolute risk?

A

The number of bad occurrences in proportion to all occurrences.

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2
Q

Define bias in statistical investigations.

A

An element of the statistical investigation which is not fair to all of the population.

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3
Q

What is a binomial distribution?

A

A probability distribution with a fixed number of trials, where each trial only has two outcomes (success or failure).

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4
Q

What is bivariate data?

A

Data which has two variables.

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5
Q

Explain the capture-recapture method.

A

A way to estimate the size of the population by marking a sample, releasing them back into the population, and sampling again.

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6
Q

What is categorical data?

A

Data that will help define where it comes from (e.g., name, date of birth, race).

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7
Q

Define causality.

A

When a change in one variable directly causes a change in another variable.

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8
Q

What is a census?

A

Data from every member of the population.

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9
Q

What does central tendency refer to?

A

The generic name for any measure of average (mean, median, mode).

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10
Q

What is a certain outcome?

A

An event that will definitely happen.

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11
Q

Define class width.

A

The distance between the start and the end of a numerical group.

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12
Q

What is cleaned data?

A

Data for which the anomalies have been removed, or notation changed, or input errors corrected.

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13
Q

What is a closed question?

A

A question with a set of answers for the respondent to choose from.

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14
Q

Define cluster sample.

A

A sample where certain groups are selected in their entirety.

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15
Q

What is conditional probability?

A

The probability given that one event has already happened.

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16
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Data that can take any value on a numerical scale.

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17
Q

What is a control group?

A

A group in an experiment or study that does not receive the variable that is being studied, to be used as a benchmark for other subjects in the study.

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18
Q

Define correlation.

A

A measure of strength of the association between two variables.

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19
Q

What is cumulative frequency?

A

A running total of the frequencies.

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20
Q

What are deciles?

A

1/10th of the data.

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21
Q

Define dependent event.

A

When the outcome of one event affects the other event’s probability.

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22
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Data that can only take certain values on a numerical scale.

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23
Q

What is a discrete uniform distribution?

A

A probability distribution where all outcomes are equally likely.

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24
Q

What does distribution describe?

A

The average, spread and skew of the data.

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25
Define equally likely outcome.
When outcomes have the same chance of happening.
26
What does evens mean in probability?
When there is the same chance of events happening (e.g., 50/50).
27
What is an event in probability?
One or more outcomes in probability.
28
Define exhaustive outcomes.
When all possible outcomes are covered.
29
What is an explanatory variable?
The variable that explains the changes in the experiment.
30
What does extrapolation refer to?
When the data point to be predicted lies outside the range of given values.
31
What is GDP?
A measure of the country’s economy.
32
What is grouped data?
Data that has been put into categories. The individual values are no longer known.
33
Define hypothesis.
An assumption made as a starting point for an investigation.
34
What is an impossible outcome?
An event that will definitely not happen.
35
What is an independent event?
When the outcome of one event does not affect the other event’s probability.
36
What is interpolation?
When the data point to be predicted lies inside the range of given values.
37
What is a line of best fit?
A single line drawn on a scatter diagram through the middle of the data points, which passes through the mean point. The equation is given as y=ax+b.
38
What are matched pairs?
An experiment where two identical individuals are studied for the effect of one variable.
39
Define mean.
A measure of central tendency – can be arithmetic or geometric.
40
What is a measure of dispersion?
The generic name for any measure of spread (range, IQR, st. dev.).
41
Define mutually exclusive events.
When events cannot happen at the same time.
42
What does non-response mean?
Failure to obtain a result for a member of the population.
43
What is a normal distribution?
A probability distribution that is symmetrical about the mean, where all the averages are equal, 68% of the data is within one standard deviation, 95% of the data is within two standard deviations, and virtually all of the data is within three standard deviations of the mean.
44
What is an open question?
A question that has no suggested answers.
45
What is ordinal data?
Data that is collected on a scale. For example, 1 being strongly agree, and 5 being strongly disagree.
46
Define outcome in probability.
The possible result of a trial.
47
What is an outlier?
Any value more than 1.5 times the interquartile range above the UQ and below the LQ. Any value more than 3 standard deviations from the mean.
48
What are percentiles?
1/100th of the data.
49
What is a pilot study?
A survey of a small sample to test that survey.
50
What does PMCC stand for?
Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
51
What is a population in statistics?
Everything or everybody that could be involved in an investigation.
52
Define primary data.
Data collected by, or on behalf of, the person that will be using the data.
53
What is a probability distribution?
A list of all possible outcomes together with their probabilities.
54
What is qualitative data?
Data that is non-numerical.
55
What is quality assurance?
The systematic process of checking that a product meets certain standards in production.
56
Define quantitative data.
Data that is numerical or a measurement.
57
What are quartiles?
1/4 of the data.
58
What is a questionnaire?
A set of questions to obtain data.
59
What is a quota sample?
A sample that groups the population into certain characteristics and selects members of each group until the quota is full.
60
What is random allocation?
Members of the population have an equal chance of being put into each group.
61
What is random response?
A survey method which allows members of the sample to answer sensitive questions whilst maintaining confidentiality.
62
What is a random sample?
Members of the population have an equal chance of selection.
63
What is ranked data?
Data which has a value attached to it that can be put in order.
64
Define raw data.
Data that has not been processed in any way, or put into groups.
65
What is a redundant variable?
A variable that can be worked out from another variable (e.g., collecting date of birth and month of birth would make month of birth redundant).
66
What is relative frequency?
An estimate of the probability using data collected. Also called experimental probability.
67
What is relative risk?
The number of bad occurrences in one group, in proportion to the bad occurrences in another group.
68
What does reliability refer to?
The extent to which repeated measurements will give you similar results.
69
What is a response variable?
The variable that is being affected by the explanatory variable.
70
What do RPI and CPI stand for?
Retail Price Index and Consumer Price Index.
71
What is a sample?
Data from only part of the population.
72
What is a sample frame?
List of the people or items to be sampled.
73
What is a sample space diagram?
A list of all possible outcomes.
74
What is seasonal variation?
A pattern that repeats over a number of years (fluctuations in the data).
75
Define secondary data.
Data not collected by, or on behalf of, the person who will be using it.
76
What is simulation?
The imitation of the conditions of a real life event by theoretical study.
77
What does skew measure?
The position of the median and the quartiles in relation to each other (can be described as positive, negative or symmetrical).
78
What does SRCC stand for?
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient.
79
What is standard deviation?
A measure of spread/dispersion that takes into account all of the data and how far it is from the mean.
80
What is a stratified sample?
A sample in proportion to the relative size of each group from which it is taken.
81
What is a survey?
The collection of data from a population.
82
What is a systematic sample?
A sample that is taken from a fixed random starting point and then at periodic intervals.
83
What is a tally?
A way of collecting information using marks to represent each piece of data.
84
What is theoretical probability?
The probability that we expect to occur. Also called expected probability.
85
What is a trend line?
Shows the general direction of change in the data in a time series graph (increasing or decreasing).
86
What is a trial in statistics?
The act of testing/doing something.
87
Define validity.
The extent to which the test measures what was intended.
88
What is a variable?
Any characteristics, number or quantity that can be measured or counted.

Statistics gcse (edexcel) (2 decks)

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