Definitions

Question 1

What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 1

One trait, one gene, two alleles.

3:1 ratio.

Question 2

What is a dihybrid cross?

Answer 2

Tow traits, two genes, four alleles.

9:3:3:1 ratio.

Question 3

What are mendels laws?

Answer 3

First law: alleles of a single gene segregate equally into gametes.

Second law: alleles of different genes segregate independently into gametes.

Question 4

What is allopathic speciation?

Answer 4

Speciation by geographic isolation.

Question 5

Describe alturism.

Answer 5

Behaviour that decreases the fitness of the individual but increases the fitness of recipient.

Question 6

Define the bottleneck.

Answer 6

A sharp reduction in population size due to environmental or human activities. Reduces gene pool variation.

Question 7

Define sympatric speciation.

Answer 7

New species evolve from a single ancestral speices in the same geographical region.

Question 8

Describe disruptive selection.

Answer 8

Diversifying election, population genetics changes where extreme values are favoured.

Question 9

What is Hamiltons rule?

Answer 9

rb>c

Evolutionary strategy that favours reproductive success of relatives.

Question 10

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 10

Evolutionary success of a trait can be calculated as:

Sum of fitness x relatedness

Question 11

What is the neutral theory?

Answer 11

At the molecular level most evolutionary changes and the variability are caused by random drift not selection.

Question 12

What is phylogeny?

Answer 12

The history of the evolution of a species or group.

Question 13

What is polyandry?

Answer 13

Mating where the female mates with more than one male.

Question 14

What is Postzygotic isolation?

Answer 14

Prevent hybrids from passing on genes ny reproductive isolation after fertilisation.

Question 15

What is a transitional form?

Answer 15

Organisms that show intermediates between ancestral descendents.

Question 16

What is morphospecies?

Answer 16

Populations designated as seperate species based on differences in form.

Question 17

What is natural selection?

Answer 17

Organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit genetic characters on to offspring.

Question 18

Define genotype.

Answer 18

The genetic makeup of a cell, organism or individual.

Question 19

Define phenotype.

Answer 19

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism based on genetic makeup and the environment.

Question 20

What is allele frequency?

Answer 20

The proportion of a particular allele among all allele copies being considered.

Question 21

Define speciation.

Answer 21

The evolutionary process by which new species arise.

Question 22

What is a missing link?

Answer 22

Usually a fossilised remain of a life form that exhibits traits common to its ancestors and descendants.

Question 23

What is an Endemic species?

Answer 23

A species with a habitat restricted to one area.

Question 24

What is a pandemic species?

Answer 24

A species widely distributed throughout a country or continent.

Question 25

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 25

The independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.

Question 26

What is a molecular clock?

Answer 26

A technique that uses fossils and rates of molecular change to deduce the time when two species diverged.

Question 27

What Is a synonymous change in dna?

Answer 27

Substitution of one base for another that doesn't change the primary structure.

Question 28

What is junk dna?

Answer 28

Dna that doesn't code for proteins or their regulation.

Question 29

What was the cambria explosion?

Answer 29

The rapid appearance of most major animal phyla around 542 m years ago.

Question 30

What is genetic drift?

Answer 30

Random changes in allele frequencies caused by sampling error.

Question 31

What is the founder effect?

Answer 31

Genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals.

Question 32

Define fitness.

Answer 32

The ability to both survive and reproduce and equals the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation.

Question 33

What is social evolution?

Answer 33

Social behaviours having fitness consequences for others, not the actor (alturistic or selfish)

Question 34

What does analogous mean?

Answer 34

Similarities Due to adaption to similar environmental problems not common descent (convergent evolution).

Question 35

What does homologous mean?

Answer 35

Similar structures between species as the result of descent from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)

Question 36

What is fixation?

Answer 36

The state where the individual in a population has the same allele at the particular locus.

Question 37

What is gene flow?

Answer 37

The movement of alleles between populations.

Question 38

What is a gene pool?

Answer 38

All the alleles in a breeding population at one time.

Question 39

Define aneuploidy.

Answer 39

An abnormal number of chromosomes.

Question 40

What is trisomy?

Answer 40

Three chromosomes instead of two.

Question 41

What is polygyny?

Answer 41

Where a male mates with more than one female.

Question 42

What is heredity?

Answer 42

The study of inheritance.

Question 43

What is population genetics?

Answer 43

The study of the gene pool of a organism.

Question 44

What is molecular genetics?

Answer 44

The study of the molecular structure and function of genes.