Definitions

Question 1

Falsification

Answer 1

Hypothesis testing

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

Statement of relationship between variables

Question 3

Null Hypothesis

Answer 3

No difference. Presumed that groups have the same results regardless of the treatment.

Question 4

Standardised

Answer 4

Can be repeated and verified

Question 5

Validity

Answer 5

Must measure what it’s intended to measure. Credibility.

Question 6

Reliability

Answer 6

Must be repeatable with consistent results. Dependability

Question 7

BHC temporal relationship

Answer 7

Exposure always precedes the outcome, essential presence

Question 8

BHS strength

Answer 8

Stronger the association the more likely the relation of ‘A’ to ‘B’ is causal

Question 9

BHS dose-response

Answer 9

Increasing exposure increases the risk

Question 10

BHS consistency

Answer 10

Find same results consistantly

Question 11

BHS Plausibility

Answer 11

Agrees with current understandings of pathological processes (has theoretical base)

Question 12

BHS Consideration of alternative explanations

Answer 12

And effectively ruled them out

Question 13

BHS experiment

Answer 13

Condition can be altered and prevented by appropriate experiment

Question 14

BHS specificity

Answer 14

When single cause produces specific effect (weakest criteria)

Question 15

BHS coherence

Answer 15

Association should be compatible with existing theory and knowledge.

Question 16

Paradigms

Answer 16

Patterns of belief and general assumptions.

Question 17

Attention arm

Answer 17

Similar to intervention but without the active ingredient

Question 18

Population

Answer 18

Target group we are interested in

Question 19

Simple random (probability sampling)

Answer 19

Random selection of everyone on population list - rare because hard to get population list.

Question 20

Stratified random (probability sampling)

Answer 20

Put in groups according to characteristics (like gender) and then randomly selected.

Question 21

Cluster (probability sampling)

Answer 21

Useful when not everyone in population is known. Random selection of larger units (like hospitals) which participants are then randomly selected from

Question 22

Systematic (probability sampling)

Answer 22

Random selection at predetermined intervals (E.g. every 20th person)

Question 23

Probability sampling

Answer 23

Unbiased sample, everyone who meets criteria has chance of selection. Can work out probability.

Question 24

Non-probability sampling

Answer 24

Non-random, chance of being selected cannot be estimated.

Question 25

Single blind

Answer 25

One person knows which arm they're in. (might be obvious which treatment they're receiving). Person assessing the outcome doesn't know which.

Question 26

Double blind

Answer 26

Neither the participant nor the person assessing the outcome knows the arm (E.g. placebo)

Question 27

Internal validity:

Answer 27

Results legitimate because of the way the study was conducted, did independent really change dependent?

Question 28

Another word for external validity

Answer 28

Generalizability

Question 29

Hawthorne effect

Answer 29

Response to being in a study

Question 30

Descriptive statistics

Answer 30

Ways of displaying and summarising data

Question 31

Nominal measurement

Answer 31

Labelling variables, no quantitative. (M/F, hair colour, area you live).

Question 32

Ordinal measurement

Answer 32

Order is important but differences between each is unknown

Question 33

Interval measurement

Answer 33

Know the difference between values, intervals. 50-60 degrees

Question 34

Ratio measurements

Answer 34

Same as interval but has clear 0 (height and weight)

Question 35

Mean

Answer 35

Arithmetic average

Question 36

Interquartile range

Answer 36

Difference between 20% and 75%

Question 37

Standard deviation

Answer 37

Subtract mean from each number, mean of remaining values.

Question 38

Variance

Answer 38

Standard deviation multiplied by self

Question 39

P value

Answer 39

Probability of obtaining your study results if the null hypothesis is true

Question 40

What can the P value be?

Answer 40

Between 0 and 1. (Closer to 0 =more likely null hypothesis should be rejected -> so there's a difference, you were right).

Question 41

Statistical significance

Answer 41

- Is often set at 5%. - If P≤0.05 it’s closer to 0, evidence to reject null hypothesis. - If P≥0.05 there is insufficient evidence to reject null hypothesis

Question 42

Power study

Answer 42

Probability of being able to detect difference between the study groups. Usually %. E.g. 80% power -> 80% chance of detecting difference.

Question 43

Confidence interval

Answer 43

Precision of the quantity of interest that is estimated

Question 44

Emic perspective

Answer 44

Insider's point of view

Question 45

Constructivism

Answer 45

Construct social words. Individuals create meaning through interactions.

Question 46

Ethnography

Answer 46

Study of culture. Origins in Anthropology

Question 47

Phenomenology

Answer 47

Study of phenomena/ lived experience of individuals

Question 48

Grounded theory

Answer 48

- Idea is to generate theory more than description. - Specific set of methods - Hypotheses generated - Developed by Glaser and Strauss

Question 49

Homogenous sampling

Answer 49

Opposite of maximum variation sampling. Example: first placement experience of male students.

Question 50

Theoretical sampling

Answer 50

Uses grounded theory. Used to find participants who will help the research build the theory.

Question 51

Data satuation

Answer 51

guides the sample size. Sampling stops when enough data has been collected, size not pre-determined.

Question 52

Concurrent data analysis

Answer 52

Reducing the data, analysing it during data collection and in grounded theory.

Question 53

Constant comparative analysis

Answer 53

To develop hypotheses, test them out at subsequent interviews.

Question 54

Thematic content analysis

Answer 54

Themes are given a code (word or phrase) Codes then collapsed into categories. After data already collected.

Question 55

Framework analysis.

Answer 55

Put data into categories..

Question 56

Objectivity

Answer 56

Confirmability.