Definitions

Question 1

Necrosis

Answer 1

In a living organism, the morphological changes that occur after a cell has been dead some time.

Question 2

Apoptosis

Answer 2

Programmed cell death, with shrinkage

Question 3

Gangrene

Answer 3

Grossly visible necrosis

Question 4

Infarct

Answer 4

Area of dead tissue- necrosis caused by acute ischaemia

Question 5

Starlings law

Answer 5

Fluid flow across vessels is determined by balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure across plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 6

Acute inflammation

Answer 6

Response of living tissue to injury - aims to protect body against infection.

Question 7

Chronic inflammation

Answer 7

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

Question 8

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 8

Chronic inflammation with granulomas

Question 9

Autocrine signalling

Answer 9

Cell responds to signalling molecules they produce

Question 10

Intracrine signalling

Answer 10

Cell synthesises a factor which binds to intracellular receptor in the cell- not secreted.

Question 11

Paracrine signalling

Answer 11

Cells produce signalling molecule that acts on adjacent cells

Question 12

Endocrine signalling

Answer 12

Hormone synthesised by cells in endocrine organ, conveyed in the blood stream to target cell.

Question 13

Haemostasis

Answer 13

The body’s response to stop bleeding and loss of blood

Question 14

Thrombosis

Answer 14

Formation of a solid mass of blood within the circulatory system during life.

Question 15

Embolism

Answer 15

Blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid or gas at a site distant from its origin

Question 16

Atheroma

Answer 16

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries

Question 17

Atherosclerosis

Answer 17

The thickening and hardening of arterial walls as a consequence of atheroma

Question 18

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 18

The thickening of the walks of arteries and arterioles, usually as a result of hypertension or diabetes mellitus

Question 19

Regeneration

Answer 19

Replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue organ/size

Question 20

Hyperplasia

Answer 20

Increase in tissue/organ see due to increased cell numbers

Question 21

Hypertrophy

Answer 21

Increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in cell size

Question 22

Atrophy

Answer 22

Shrinkage of a tissue/organ due to an acquired decrease in size &/or number of cells

Question 23

Metaplasia

Answer 23

Reversible change of 1 differentiated cell type to another

Question 24

Aplasia

Answer 24

Complete failure of a specific tissue/organ to develop

Question 25

Hypoplasia

Answer 25

Congenital! Underdevelopment/incomplete development of a tissue/organ. Inadequate number of cells within the tissues present (on a spectrum with Aplasia)

Question 26

Dysplasia

Answer 26

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue. Reversible. As pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue/organ

Question 27

Reconstitution

Answer 27

Replacement of a lost body part. Requires coordinated responses of several types of cell

Question 28

Involution

Answer 28

Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

Question 29

Atresia

Answer 29

No orifice

Question 30

Benign neoplasia

Answer 30

The abnormal growth of cells p, which persists after initiating stimulus has been removed. Irreversible.

Question 31

Malignant neoplasia

Answer 31

Abnormal growth of cells which persists after initiating stimulus has been removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites.

Question 32

Oxidative stress

Answer 32

Imbalance between free radical production and scavenging