Definitions

Question 1

Who is Archie Cochrane?

Answer 1

A pioneer and advocate of evidence-based practice

Question 2

What are Clinical Guidelines?

Answer 2

Recommendations for practice based on the best available evidence

Question 3

What is Evidence-Based Practice?

Answer 3

A process that requires the practitioner to identify knowledge gaps, find research evidence to address knowledge gaps, and determine the relevance of the evidence to a particular clients situation

Question 4

What is an Inductive Approach?

Answer 4

The method of moving from the specific to the general; from imperial data to theory generation

Question 5

What is a Model?

Answer 5

A structure or framework designed to symbolise a concept or phenomenon

Question 6

What is Naturalist Paradigm ?

Answer 6

The exploration of phenomena as they occur in their natural setting

Question 7

What is Paradigm?

Answer 7

In the research context, the commitments, beliefs and values, methods and outlooks shared across a research discipline

Question 8

What is a Peductive Approach?

Answer 8

A method of moving from general to the specific; from the macro to the micro

Question 9

What is a Phenomenon?

Answer 9

Any observable thing or occurrence that is worth noting

Question 10

What is a Positivist?

Answer 10

Someone who believes in the concepts of an objective reality and the notion of determinism

Question 11

What is Quantitive Research?

Answer 11

A systematic investigation with a rigorous and controlled design, using precise measurements and obtaining quantifiable information to answer a research questions

Question 12

What is a Theory?

Answer 12

A set of interrelated assumptions put forward to describe or explain a given phenomenon

Question 13

What is a Critique?

Answer 13

To read and examine the strengths and limitations of a published study

Question 14

What is Grey Literature?

Answer 14

Unpublished literature in the form of theses, government reports or conference proceedings

Question 15

What is a Peer-Reviewed Journal?

Answer 15

A journal that publishes a paper that has been submitted to an editorial committee and passed by a process of blinded peer review before it is accepted for publication

Question 16

What is an Impact Factor?

Answer 16

Calculated for each journal based on citation of articles across a year. The higher the impact factor, the more widely read the journal is.

Question 17

What are Quantitive Research Methods?

Answer 17

Deductive research methods.These methods test for cause and effect, explore relationships between variables and control variables

Question 18

What are Qualitative Research Methods?

Answer 18

Inductive methods which explore human experience.

Question 19

What is a Systematic Review?

Answer 19

A method used to review the existing literature on a particular question by identifying, appraising, selecting and synthesising all high-quality research evidence relevant to that question

Question 20

Define Quantitative Data

Answer 20

These can be either categorical or numerical; statistical methods are directly linked to the type of data investigated.

Question 21

Define Extraneous variables.

Answer 21

Any variable apart from the independent variable that may plausibly also affect the dependant variable

Question 22

What is Causality?

Answer 22

A relationship of cause and effect. it has a minimum of three conditions: A strong relationship between the proposed cause and effect; The proposed cause must precede the effect in time; And, The proposed cause must be present whenever the effect occurs

Question 23

Define Bias.

Answer 23

Any influence that produces distortion in the results of the study

Question 24

What is Validity?

Answer 24

The degree to which a measurement instrument measures what it is intended to measure

Question 25

What is an Experimental Research Design?

Answer 25

A research design used to test cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Research participants are randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group

Question 26

What is a Randomised Controlled Trial?

Answer 26

A study in which similar people are randomly allocated to two (or more) groups to test a specific treatment. The experimental group receives the treatment to be tested. Another group, the comparison or control group, receives an alternative treatment, a dummy treatment (placebo) or no treatment at all.

Question 27

What is a Quasi-experimantal Research Design?

Answer 27

Research in which the researchers manipulate and independent variable in order to evaluate the change of a dependant variable

Question 28

What is a Non-experiemntal Research Design?

Answer 28

Research in which researches collect data without introducing any manipulation or change

Question 29

What is Internal Validity of Research Design?

Answer 29

A property of research design that reflects the extent to which a casual conclusion based on a study is warranted, or that can exclude other factors as alternative explanations of the observed association between the variables under investigation

Question 30

What is External Validity of Research Design?

Answer 30

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to other situations and to other people

Question 31

What is a Placebo Effect?

Answer 31

The reported response or change in the dependant variable by the individual who does not receive an intervention or receives and insert intervention

Question 32

What is a Double-Blind Strategy?

Answer 32

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the participant and researchers are unaware of who is getting which specific procedure

Question 33

Define Crossover Study.

Answer 33

A study that administers more than one treatment sequentially to each participant to that comparison can be made of the effects of different treatments on a dependant variable for the same participant

Question 34

Define Descriptive Study.

Answer 34

This aims to accurately describe characteristics of persons, places, situations or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur

Question 35

Define Epidemiology.

Answer 35

The study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of health states and events in the community, and the interventions aimed at improving health throughout the community

Question 36

What is a Cohort Study?

Answer 36

A study in which a group free of illness is observed for exposure to risk factors that are hypothesised to increase or decrease the chance of getting the illness. The study group will be followed up through time in order to compare the frequency of the illness of groups who have different levels of exposure.

Question 37

What is a Case Control Study?

Answer 37

A study that compares a group of well individuals with a group of individuals who have the illness or health condition of interest. The 2 groups are compared with respect to past exposure to rise factors.

Question 38

What is a Cross-Sectional Study?

Answer 38

A study based on observation of a phenomenon at a single time for the purpose of interfering trends over time