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definitions Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Isogamy

A

= gametes are similar size

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2
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphroditism =

A

male and female reproductive organs at the same time eg earthworm

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3
Q

protandrous:

A

switch from male to female

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4
Q

protogynous:

A

switch from female to male

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5
Q

Low assimilation efficiency

A

= efficiency by which animals convert the food they ingest into energy for growth and reproduction

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6
Q

Syncytial layer –

A

all cells fused, no cell boundaries (= neodermis)

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7
Q

Oviparity =

A

eggs laid and develop outside the mothers body

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8
Q

ovo-viviparity (aplacental viviparity) =

A

eggs retained within mother, no placenta, young born

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9
Q

viviparity (placental viviparity) =

A

retained within mother, placental transfer of nutrients, young born

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10
Q

Iteroparity =

A

Where organisms produce offspring in a series of separate events during and after which the organisms maintain themselves in a condition that favours survival to subsequently reproduce again (slow and steady)

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11
Q

Semelparity =

A

= Where organisms produce all their offspring in a single reproductive event over one relatively short period (fast and furious)

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12
Q

r-selected =

A

production of a large number of offspring (of whom only a minority may survive) as early in life as possible, live fast, die young

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13
Q

K-selected

A

= production of a smaller number of ‘fitter’ offspring with higher chances of survival

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14
Q

Desiccation =

A

extreme dryness

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15
Q

Endodermic

A

= internal generation of heat

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16
Q

Ectodermic =

A

external generation of heat

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

= movement of solutes

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18
Q

Osmosis =

A

movement of water

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19
Q

‘Osmolarity’ =

A

is the sum of osmotically active particles in solution

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20
Q

Osmoregulation =

A

is the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluid & environment

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21
Q

agametic:

A 
•	no gametes (eggs and sperm)
•	fission
•	budding
•	Fragmentation
that forms a new organism without fusion with another gamete
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22
Q

parthenogenetic:

A
  • development of unfertilised eggs
  • offspring from a single cell (virgin birth)
  • apomixis (eggs from mitosis)
  • automixis (eggs from meiosis)
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23
Q

fission =

A

separation of a parent into two or more individual

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24
Q

Budding =

A

new individuals arise from outgrowths in existing ones

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25
Fragmentation =
= parent’s body broken into several irregular pieces, with some or all regenerating into complete adults
26
Parthenogenesis =
means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell
27
Apomixis =
development of unfertilized single cells o eggs made by mitosis (suppression of meiosis) o Genetically identically
28
Automixis =
development of unfertilized single cells | o eggs made by meiosis
29
Gynogenesis =
sperm required, but DNA not incorporated (females clonal)
30
Hybridogenesis =
sperm required, DNA incorporated & expressed, paternal DNA discarded at oogenesis (females ‘hemiclonal’)
31
gonochoristic (= dioecious)
separate male and female reproductive parts on different individuals
32
Hermaphroditic (= monoicous)
o both male & female structures in the same individual | o simultaneously or sequentially
33
External fertilisation =
fertilisation outside of female reproductive tract
34
Internal fertilisation =
fertilisation inside of female reproductive tract
35
Cyclic Parthenogenesis =
switch between parthenogenesis & sexual reproduction
36
hemimetabolous =
gradual metamorphosis, egg → nymph → nymph → nymph → adult direct development nymph resembles what the adult will look like minus the wings
37
holometabolous =
complete metamorphosis, egg → larvae → pupa → full-sized adult
38
Parasite =
An organism that lives in or on a second organism (host), gaining benefits at the expense of the host
39
Ectoparasite =
live on the outer surface of the host
40
endoparasite =
live inside of the hosts body
41
parasitoid =
insects whose larvae develop by feeding upon the bodies of other arthropods (usually insects), resulting in the death of the host
42
Spermatophores =
= sperm packets
43
Autotrophs
= Synthesise complex molecules from simple inorganic substances, Energy + Light + Chemicals
44
Heterotrophs
= Obtain energy by consuming other organisms, Ingest and digest
45
Proventriculus
= helps with breaking down the food in insects
46
Browser =
eats leaves
47
Grazer
= eats grass
48
Axial skeleton =
o skull o vertebral column o sternum o ribs
49
Appendicular skeleton =
o pectoral girdle o arm & hand o pelvic girdle o leg & foot
50
Fibrous joint –
collagen between bones e.g. sutures of skull
51
Cartilaginous joint –
bound by cartilage e.g. sternum
52
Bony joint
bones fused by osseous tissue e.g. mandibles in childhood
53
Synovial joint
bones separated by joint cavity e.g. knee, elbow
54
Sliding filament theory =
sarcomere uses energy to slide filaments
55
1st class lever =
fulcrum in middle
56
2nd class lever =
resistance between fulcrum & effort
57
3rd class lever =
effort in the middle between resistance & fulcrum
58
Olfaction =
smell sense
59
Ornithischia =
bird-hipped on basis of pelvis morphology, Ornithischia includes herbivorous dinosaurs, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians and armoured dinosaurs
60
Saurischia =
lizard-hipped on basis of pelvis morphology, Saurischia includes giant sauropods and therapods
61
Foramina
is the blood vessels in the bones which help make the bone grow, thus the more of them, the larger the animal
62
ram ventilation
fish's mouth is open so water goes over gills
63
opercular pumping
Sucking or blowing water through the mouth by means of lifting the operculum to create a suction mechanism. Used by some fishes to aerate their eggs
64
rhodopsins = retinal + opsin
Light-sensitive pigments
65
neocortex
the new cortex, more neural space hence increase processing power

animal structure and function (3 decks)

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