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Y12 AS Chemistry > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of kinetic energy that particles need to have in order to react when they collide

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2
Q

Addition polymer

A

A long chain molecule formed by an addition reaction

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3
Q

Alcohol

A

Substance with general formula CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

Aldehyde

A

A substance with general formula CnH2nO which has a hydrogen and one alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom

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5
Q

Alkane

A

Hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Alkene

A

Hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n, containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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7
Q

Atom economy

A

A measure of the proportion of reactant atoms that become part of the desired product in a balanced chemical reaction

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Avogadro’s constant

A

6.02 x 10^23

Number of particles in one mole of a substance

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10
Q

Barium meal

A

A suspension of barium sulphate swallowed by a patient before an x-ray

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11
Q

Benedicts solution

A

A deep blue solution containing Cu2+ ions which are reduced to a brick-red precipitate of Cu2O when warmed with an aldehyde, stays blue when warmed with a ketone

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12
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel made from biological material thats recently died

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13
Q

Bond enthalpy

A

The enthalpy required to break a bond between two atoms

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14
Q

Calorimetry

A

Method of finding out how much energy is given out or taken in by a reaction

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15
Q

Carbocation

A

An organic ion containing a positively charged carbon atom

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16
Q

Carbonyl compound

A

A compound that contains a carbon-oxygen double bond

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17
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

A substance which has a COOH group attached to the end of a carbon chain

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18
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy. It is chemically unchanged

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19
Q

Chain isomer

A

Organic molecule that contains the same atoms and functional groups as another molecule but has a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

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20
Q

Charge cloud

A

An area in an atom or molecule where theres a high chance of finding an electron pair

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21
Q

Chloroalkane

A

An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted for chlorine atoms

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22
Q

Closed system

A

A system where nothing can get in or out

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23
Q

Collision theory

A

The theory that a reaction will not take place between two particles unless they collide in the right direction with a certain minimum amount of kinetic energy

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24
Q

Complete combustion

A

Burning a substance completely in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water only

25
Co-ordinate bond (Dative covalent)
A covalent bond formed when one atom provides both of the shared electrons
26
Covalent bond
A pair of electrons shared between two atoms
27
Cracking
Breaking longer chain alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons
28
Crude oil
Mixture consisting mainly of alkane hydrocarbons that can be separated into different fractions
29
Cycloalkane
A type of alkane where the carbon atoms form a ring, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon
30
Dehydration
Reaction where water is eliminated
31
Dipole
Difference in charge between two atoms caused by a shift in the electron density in a bond
32
Displacement reaction
A reaction where a more reactive element pushes out a less reactive element and takes its place
33
Disproportionation
When an element is both oxidised and reduced in a single chemical reaction
34
Dynamic equilibrium
In a reversible reaction, dynamic equilibrium is reached when the concentrations of the reactants and products are constant and the forward and reverse reactions are equal
35
E-Isomer
A stereoisomer of an alkene that has two highest priority groups on opposite sides of the carbon - carbon double bond
36
Electronegativity
The power of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
37
Electrophile
Electron-pair acceptor
38
Electrophilic addition
Reaction mechanism where a C=C bond in an alkene opens up and atoms are added to the carbon atoms
39
Electrospray ionisation
Method of producing ions for analysis in a mass spectrometer by applying high pressure and high voltage to a sample of a substance
40
Elimination reaction
A reaction in which a molecule loses an atom or groups or atoms
41
Empirical formula
A formula that gives you the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
42
Endothermic reaction
Reaction which absorbs energy | Positive value for enthalpy change
43
Equilibrium constant
A ratio worked out from the concentration of the products and reactants once a reversible reaction has reached equilibrium
44
Exothermic reaction
Reaction which gives out energy | Negative value for enthalpy change
45
E/Z isomerism
Type of stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation around the double bond
46
Fehling's solution
Deep blue Cu2+ complex which reduces to a brick red Cu2O precipitate when warmed with an aldehyde and stays blue when warmed with a ketone
47
Fingerprint region
Region between 1000cm3 and 1550cm3 on an infrared spectrum which is unique to a particular compound
48
First ionisation energy
The energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous +1 ions
49
Fractional distillation
Method of separating crude oil fractions using their boiling points
50
Free radical
A particle with an unpaired electron
51
Functional group
Group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule
52
Functional group isomer
A molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with the atoms arranged into different functional groups
53
Giant covalent structure
A structure consisting of a huge network of covalently bonded atoms
54
Giant ionic lattice structure
A regular repeated structure made up of oppositely charged ions and held together by electrostatic attraction
55
Giant metallic lattice structure
A regular structure consisting of closely packed positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons
56
Greenhouse effect
The trapping of energy from the sun that has been absorbed and re-emitted by the earth
57
Halide
Negative ion of a halogen
58
Halogenoalkane
An alkane with at least one halogen atom in place of a hydrogen atom
59
Hess' Law
The total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken

Y12 AS Chemistry (48 decks)

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