Definitions

Question 1

Exergonic reaction

Answer 1

Catabolic.

The products have LESS energy than reactants (so change in energy, ∆G, is -ve)

Question 2

Endergonic reaction

Answer 2

Anabolic

The products have MORE energy than reactants (so change in energy, ∆G, is +ve)

Question 3

Metabolic pathway

Answer 3

Sequence of consecutive biochemical reactions.

The product of one reaction becomes the reactant of another.

Question 4

Reciprocal regulation

Answer 4

The activation of one pathway while the opposite pathway is suppressed.

Question 5

Allosteric enzymes

Answer 5

Relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by a different molecule.
(Where the product concentration increases and that increase in product causes the product to bind to the enzyme in a different location and changes the conformation of the enzyme’s active site and it can inhibit or promote the enzyme)

Question 6

Feedback inhibition

Answer 6

When concentration of a product rises above required level, excess concentration inhibits enzyme activity (allosteric enzyme).
Production is stopped.
When concentration of that product drops below required level, production continues again.

Question 7

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Amount of NRG in universe is constant - cannot be created or destroyed

Question 8

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

In all natural processes, the entropy (disorder) of the universe increases.

Question 9

Phosphoryl Group Transfer

Answer 9

The name given to the chemical process of the transfer of the phosphoryl group (PO3) from a phosphate ester or anhydride to a nucleophile.

Question 10

Energy Coupling

Answer 10

Transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism, or transfer of energy from exergonic process to endergonic process.
Free energy (from ATP hydrolysis) is coupled or functionally linked to the energy needs of another chemical reaction

Question 11

Anabolism

Answer 11

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

Question 12

Catabolism

Answer 12

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Question 14

Glycolysis

Answer 14

The breakdown of glucose (6C) to two pyruvate (3C)

Question 15

Kinases

Answer 15

Enzymes that catalyse the transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor nucleophile.
(Subclass of transferases).
Kinases require Mg2+ for it’s activity.

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources once glycogen stores are depleted.

Question 17

Glycogenolysis

Answer 17

Release of glucose (from glycogen break down) for ATP production

Question 18

Glycogenesis

Answer 18

Storage of energy rich glucose (into glycogen).

Question 19

Phosphorylation reaction

Answer 19

When a phosphate group is ADDED to a molecule

Question 20

Isomerisation reaction

Answer 20

One molecule is changed into another with exactly the same atoms, just different arrangement

Question 21

Isomerases

Answer 21

Catalyses the conversion of a specified compound to an isomer

Question 22

Mutases

Answer 22

Enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule

Question 23

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 23

Transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP forming ATP (so phosphate group is REMOVED from molecule)

Question 24

Glycogen synthase

Answer 24

Involved in MAKING alpha 1-4 bonds between glucose units.

Question 25

Branching enzyme

Answer 25

Involved in MAKING alpha 1-6 bonds between glucose units at the branch point.

Question 26

Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 26

Involved in BREAKING alpha 1-4 bonds between glucose units. Breaks glycogen up into glucose subunits

Question 27

Debranching enzyme

Answer 27

Involved in BREAKING alpha 1-6 bonds between glucose units at the branch point.

Question 28

Hexokinase

Answer 28

Phosphorylates hexose sugars forming hexose phosphates.

Question 29

Chemiosmotic Theory

Answer 29

Transmembrane differences in proton concentration are the reservoir for the energy extracted from biological oxidation reactions.

Question 30

Kinase

Answer 30

An enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule