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z Crime and Punishment > Definitions of Crime > Flashcards

Definitions of Crime Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Murdrum Fine?

A

Anglo Saxon and Norman

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2
Q

What was the Murdrum Fine?

A

Fine payed to King if Norman is found dead and murderer not found by tithing. Payed by Anglo Saxon hundred where body is found.

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3
Q

Why was the Murdrum Fine created?

A

Deter Anglo Saxons from murdering for revenge. Raise finances for the King. Protect authority - protect new Norman leaders.

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4
Q

When were the Forest Laws?

A

Anglo Saxon and Norman

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5
Q

What were the Forest Laws?

A

Approx 40% of countryside declared royal forest. Illegal to trespass, carry hunting weapons, hunt animals. A special hunting license could be purchased.

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6
Q

Why were the Forest Laws created?

A

Raise finances for the King. Protect property - protect the value of land.

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7
Q

When were outlaws declared?

A

Anglo Saxon and Norman

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8
Q

What were outlaws?

A

Crime for any man 14+ to leave his lord’s land without permission. Those who did were called outlaws and could be killed without consequence for the killer.

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9
Q

Why were outlaws introduced?

A

To deter people from abandoning their responsibilities. Protect authority - protect social structure.

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10
Q

What were the Medieval heresy laws?

A

1401 - heresy punished by burning at the stake.

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11
Q

Why were the Medieval heresy laws introduced?

A

People began to question the Church - eg Lollards wanted the Church to be reformed. Medieval kings keen to support Church as it helped them keep power. Protect authority - protect power of the Church.

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12
Q

When was the Statute of Labourers?

A

1351 - medieval

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13
Q

What did the Statute of Labourers do?

A

Introduced maximum wage for workers and made it a crime to ask for more. Illegal to move to a new area to look for better payed work.

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14
Q

Why was the Statute of Labourers significant?

A

It was passed by Parliament rather than just the King.

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15
Q

Why was the Statute of Labourers introduced?

A

Protect authority - protecting social structure.

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16
Q

When was high treason intruduced?

A

1351 - medieval

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17
Q

What was high treason?

A

Plotting to betray of kill the King.

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18
Q

What was the punishment for high treason?

A

Hanged drawn and quartered.

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19
Q

Why was high treason introduced?

A

Protect authority - protect power of the King.

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20
Q

What were the Early Modern heresy laws?

A

Illegal to challenge the religion of the monarch.

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21
Q

What did Mary 1 do to Protestant heretics?

A

Burned almost 300 at the stake.

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22
Q

What did Elizabeth 1 do to Catholic heretics?

A

Passed laws to impose Protestant beliefs. Act of Uniformity, Act of Supremacy.

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23
Q

What did James 1 do to Catholic heretics?

A

Passed the Popish Recusants Act in 1605.

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24
Q

Why were the early modern heresy laws passed?

A

Protect authority - protect the power of the Church and the monarch’s religion.

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25
Q

When was vagabondage made illegal?

A

Early modern.

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26
Q

Why was vagabondage illegal?

A

Invention of the printing press led to new pamphlets that portrayed vagrants as dangerous criminals. Rich didn’t want to pay more towards poor rates to support the poor and homeless. Social attitudes believed that vagrants were simply lazy.

27
Q

Why was vagabondage made illegal? (Short reason)

A

Protect authority, protect social structure.

28
Q

What was the Vagrancy Act and when was it introduced?

A

1547 - able-bodied vagrants without work for 3 days were branded with a V and sold as a slave for 2 years.

29
Q

What was the Act for the Relief of the Poor and when was it introduced?

A

1597 - whipped and burned through the ear with hot iron. Second offense punished by execution.

30
Q

What were the Poor Laws and when were they introduced?

A

1601 - parishes provided poor relief for deserving poor and undeserving poor were whipped or imprisoned.

31
Q

What were the early modern poaching laws?

A

1671 - Game Act made poaching illegal.

32
Q

Why was the Game Act (1671) introduced?

A

Landowners began to enclose land with fences or hedges. In some areas locals pulled them down.

33
Q

Why was poaching difficult to eradicate in the early modern era?

A

It was seen as a social crime and poor people, who sympathised for the poachers, were unlikely to report them.

34
Q

Why were poaching laws introduced in the early modern era?

A

Protect property - protect the value of land.

35
Q

Why were the early modern smuggling laws introduced?

A

Import tax was introduced on a range of luxury goods eg alcohol, tea. A profit was now available for people smuggling, and there were lots of people willing to buy from them.

36
Q

Why was it difficult to eradicate smuggling in the early modern era, and what was the punishment?

A

It was a social crime, however as the authorities were reliant on import taxes, it was punishable by hanging.

37
Q

Why were the early modern smuggling laws introduced? (Short reason)

A

Protect authority - protecting income of the country and power of the government.

38
Q

When was highway robbery made a crime?

A

Industrial period.

39
Q

Why was highway robbery a problem in the Industrial period?

A

As no cheques or debit cards, people often carried large sums of cash. There was no rural police force and local constables did not track criminals across counties. Many highwaymen were often seen as heroes as they robbed the rich eg Dick Turpin.

40
Q

Why were highway robbery laws introduced?

A

Protect property - keep businesses profitable.

41
Q

Why did highway robbery decline by the 19th century?

A

It was seen as a serious crime as it disrupted the postal service. 1772 - death penalty for anyone found armed and in disguise on a highway. Developments in banking led to far few people transporting large sums of cash. It was no longer worth the risk.

42
Q

What was smuggling like in the Industrial period?

A

Import tax was the main source of income for the government so it was treated seriously - eg 1748 35 people were hanged, including the leaders of the Hawkhurst Gang. There was an estimated 20,000 smugglers operating in gangs of up to 100.

43
Q

Why was it hard to eradicate smuggling in the Industrial period?

A

It was seen as a social crime and many locals in costal areas helped smugglers as they could earn several times the daily wage in one night.

44
Q

Why were the smuggling laws in the Industrial period introduced?

A

Protect authority - protect government income.

45
Q

What were the poaching laws in the Industrial period?

A

Black Acts (1723) - made poaching punishable by death. Had fines/ imprisonment for: blackening you face in a hunting area, being caught with snares, or owning dogs suitable for poaching.

46
Q

Why was it hard to eradicate poaching in the Industrial period?

A

It was seen as a social crime - people provided alibis and lied in court to protect poachers. Poaching was a crime of desperation.

47
Q

Why were the Industrial poaching laws introduced?

A

Protect property - protect the value of land. Protect authority - protect social structure.

48
Q

When was witchcraft decriminalised?

A

1736 - Witchcraft Act

49
Q

Why was witchcraft decriminalised?

A

After Enlightenment, witches were seen as frauds and tricksters, and so faced less severe punishments eg fines.

50
Q

When was vagabondage decriminalised?

A

Industrial period - same era as witchcraft.

51
Q

Why were vagabondage and witchcraft decriminalised?

A

Protect person - ensuring punishment not too harsh for crime.

52
Q

What are the laws around driving offences? (modern period)

A

1925 - illegal to drive a car while drunk.
1967 - limit for amount of alcohol you could have in your bloodstream and legally drive.

53
Q

What were/ are public attitudes towards driving offences?

A

Very lenient until the 1970s, at which point attitudes changed due to government public awareness campaigns.

54
Q

Why were driving offences introduced?

A

Protect person - prevent other crimes or accidents.

55
Q

What are the laws around drug crimes? (modern period)

A

1971 - Misuse of Drugs Act. Many drugs became illegal for the first time.

56
Q

Why were the government so concerned about drug crimes?

A

Concerned about related crimes: smuggling, illegal prostitution, sex trafficking and gang related violence.

57
Q

Why were drug laws introduced?

A

Protect person - prevent other crimes or accidents

58
Q

What laws were introduced around hate crimes?

A

1967 - Sexual Offenses Act. Decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21.
1968 - Race Relations Act. Made it illegal to refuse jobs, housing, or public services to anyone on the basis of their race.
2005 - Criminal Justice Act. Courts could issue more severe sentences for hate crimes.

59
Q

Why were laws around hate crimes introduced?

A

Protect person - protect minority groups.

60
Q

What were the laws around domestic violence?

A

1976 - Domestic Violence Act. Gave victims the right to ask for an injunction against a violent partner.
1991 - possible to prosecute a husband for raping his wife.
2014 - controlling and coercive behaviour towards a partner made illegal.

61
Q

Why were laws around domestic violence introduced?

A

Protect person - changing views towards women.

62
Q

What was the law passed to decriminalise abortion?

A

1967 - Abortion Act

63
Q

What did women have to do to terminate a pregnancy before the Abortion Act (1967)?

A

Backstreet abortions, which were dangerous as the people carrying them out didn’t have proper medical training.

64
Q

Why was abortion decriminalised in 1967?

A

Protect person-changing views towards women.

z Crime and Punishment (10 decks)

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