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democracy and participation Flashcards

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1
Q

what does direct democracy look like

A

referendums
citizens juries
public petitions

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2
Q

Burkean representation trustee model

A

mps act according to what they think is best for the area they represent
based off their knowledge and understanding

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3
Q

Burkean representation delegate model

A

mps will act according to what the majority of their constituents want

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4
Q

evidence for direct democracy being superior because people will accept decisions they have made themselves

A

Devolved institutions via referendums
Scot devo turnout 60% 72% yes
NI assembly turnout 81% 71%yes
Increase in turnout

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5
Q

evidence for rep democracy ensuring stability and compromise

A

Apathy can be helpful to maintain stability
Citizens who are involved become passionate which can create divisions and polarisation
Example scot indep referendum 2014 and still calls for independence
84% turnout and brexit 72% and anti brexiteers still protest (2023 outside westminister)

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6
Q

evidence for direct democracy creating informed electorate

A

scot indep 2014 16/17 year olds allowed to vote 75% turnout
97% said being involved encouraged them to be more engaged

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7
Q

evidence for rep democ placing decision in hands of experts

A

2019 ge 85% mps uni and 25% oxbridge
38% of electorate uni educated

although none of starmers cabinate were privately educated

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8
Q

Evidence for direct democracy reducing dependence on politicians ( not being representative therefore people will depend on them for help)

A

politicians not representative
2019 220 women 10% minorities
2024 263 women 14% minorities

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9
Q

Evidence for voter apathy and rep democ being unrealistic (turnout)

A

TO not reached average of 75% since 1950s
TO average 67%
60% 2024 which is low

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10
Q

What is redress of grievances and when will it happen

A

Mps will represent their constituents individual issues who have been treated unfairly
they can do this during question time and act on behalf on them

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11
Q

what is descriptive representation and what would it increase

A

MP should look like the people it represents
increase participation
and diversity in parl may allow leg to begger reflect minority groups

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12
Q

Rosena Allin khan

A

labour mp and shadow health minister 2020, was practicing doctor
part of trade union and wanted to represent them in parliament to champion their issues

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13
Q

what is hapathy when was it at its peak

A

content with system already
therefore not inclined to vote
2001 59% TO

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14
Q

evidence for participation crisis in comparison to 1950s

A

increase from 2001 59-%
but still lower in comparison to pre 1992 which was around 75%
devolved elections even lower
2022 NI assem 62%

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15
Q

Increase in participation through turnout in general electiosn

A

since 2001 increase
2017 69%
little decrease in 2019 to 67%
although TO for young people increasing 2005 50% 2019 55%

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16
Q

Turnout of people with a degree

A

2019 69%
without degree 59%

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17
Q

more opportunities for people to vote

A

elect mp
local councillors
devolved regions assembly and parliament elections
england metro mayors

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18
Q

metro mayor turnout

A

lower than general elections
metro mayors typically 30% 2021
Greater manchester 35%

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19
Q

devolved institution with low TO

A

Welsh parliament 47% 2021

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20
Q

Increase of referendums

A

boost participation on constitutional issues that are salient
1998 good friday 81% TO
scot indep 2014 84%
brexit 72%

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21
Q

turnout in 2021 scot parl was higher,why was this

A

63%
because of the 2016 scotland act which gave scot max devolution

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22
Q

Majority of referendums with low turnout

A

welsh devo 1997 50% TO - tyranny of maj
London mayor and assembly 1998 33%
2011 AV vote TO 42%

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23
Q

Party membership decline

A

1950s con 2 mil
2022 decline to 172k
across all parties membership totalled over 3 mil in 1950s
less than 1 mil in 2019
FLOATING VOTERS

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24
Q

2013 resurgence in party membership

A

smaller party increase
snp 25k to 125k in 2019
And major parties increase lab 190k to just under 500k

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25
Trade union membership decline and why
1970s around 13 million 2022 6.4 million in 2023 decline in manual jobs and transaction to service based economy weakening of trade union power in thatcher and blair gov
26
Rise of new groups that can be participated in
single issue groups 2013 1 in 10 adults are members of in 2020 140k took party in black lives matter protests in the uk
27
trade union increase
activity increase in 2022 strikes on cost of living 2.5 mil strike days across sectors in 2022
28
what is slacktivism and evidence
people are less engaged in politics this has replaced traditional activism people are more likely to sign e petitions then write to their local mp or take part in protests 33,000 were submitted to HOC website in 2022
29
Different types of participation have risen and are effective (3)
Political consumerism - purchasing power to dictate politics, using green sustainable products Petitions/ epetitions - easier Clicktivism - social media used to promote causes, encouraging reps to take up causes or putting pressure on gov
30
what is a democratic deficit
decisions are taken by elected representatives who lack legitimacy due to being appointed without sufficient support or not being subject to accountability
31
house of lords act 1999
lab first stage at removal remove hereditary peers allowed to remain on temporary basis untill second stage proposals were agreed
32
revoke A50 and remain in EU petition
MOST SIGNED EVER 6.1 mil Lack of impact
33
denying trump state visit petition
1.8 mil lack of impact
34
Marcus rashford end child food poverty
1 million signatures impact, 2021 gov announced comprehensive support package to help families through winter expanded access’s to free school meals during holidays
35
Seek a ceasefire and end israeli occupation of west bank/gaza strip petition
250k signatures lack of impact, gov replied and said they are focusing on conflict resolution, humanitarian pauses
36
Call a GE 2024
Dec 2024 Belief that labour went back on their promises debated Jan 6th 2025 lack of impact gov replied that they were elected on a mandate
37
Include right to abortion in BBoR
Nov 22 167k signatures lack of impact gov said they would review Legislation has been put on pause since departure of Raab from justice Dept
38
Recall of Mps act 2015
petition triggered if they are convicted of an offence barred from HOC or convicted or providing false info for expenses claims Need 10% of constituency to sign to be triggered
39
2019 Onasanya Lab by election
conviction driving offences seat was held by another lab
40
2019 chris davies con
convicted of false expenses claims and the seat was lost to lib dem’s
41
2023 Ferrier SNP
convicted of breaking covid rules seat won by lab
42
2023 peter bone con
allegations of bulling and sexual misconduct lost to Lab
43
how are by-elections positive for democracy
people are willing to trigger election shows participation, want to get involved also seats changing hands shows people will vote for other parities- good for representation
44
e democracy impact
allows electorate to set the agenda, bring issues to light increase use of petitions since 2015, electorate are more willing to participate
45
why will referendums not improve democracy
gov only call referendums when they think they will win Brexit 2016 leave was in lead 2-4% May was a remainer Gov also have power to ignore outcome
46
direct democracy through referendums enhance democ 3 examples
public agree consitution decisions should be decided by electorate Brexit NI good friday scot under
47
reform of recall of mps improve democ
criteria for petition should be widened as it’s too narrow, constituents can hold mp to account if they don’t deliver election promises more people will get involved and mps will be held accountable
48
reform of Recall of mps act negative on democ
remove mps ability to act in the national interest for fear of backlash from constituents undemocratic as petition enhances accountablity increase in 2019
49
How could electoral registration reform improve democ
Boost turnout ensuring everyone is able to vote clear differences in registration amount ethnicities, age and groups + income brackets 2018 ethnic minority voters were 10% less likely to be registered compared to whites
50
Reform of electoral registration negative
too expensive, not effective way of spending Could lead to voter fraud some concerns highlighted in elections act 2022 where ID was introduced to avoid fraud
51
positive of lowering voting age
increase youth turnout 75% of 16/17 year olds participated in scottish independence 2014 97% said that it made them want to be more involved, vote participate again in future
52
negative of lowering the voting age
16-18 low interest won’t increase TO Lack of political education 2014 40% of 16-24 said they were not interested in politics
53
Compulsory voting positive impact
boost turnout and improve legitimacy average of GE is 65% 2024 60% very low historic average 75% allow “ none of the above” option to decrease spoilt ballots
54
negative impact of compulsory voting
it should be a choice / freedom not voting can be seen as a political act will increase spoilt ballots Australia compulsory vote - spoilt ballots make up 5% of total ballots
55
fptp creates …. that leads to constituency inequality
leads to wasted votes and marginal seats that are targeted by parties/policies more than others creating inequality
56
Lords reform to elected evidence on delaying bills
2004 attempt to delay govs proposal to ban fox hunting not in line with public option
57
Why should the lords not be elected + example
elected lords would undermine the commons Lords preforms important function of checking the govs power lords amended the Illegal migration bill 2023 which required the sec or state to provide additional safe and legal routes for asylum
58
themes for extending the franchise
Votes at 16 votes for prisoners compulsory voting
59
arguments for giving 16yr olds the vote
can join army have provisional lisence legally work and pay tax scot indep 2014 evidence young people feel passionate about climate change - want to be engaged youth parliament has 600 members
60
arguments against giving 16yr olds the vote
still in education, lack of political education have views formed, live at home lack stake in society, most don’t have jobs will still have low TO as most won’t vote, just increase franchise to keep turnout the same
61
Hurst V UK 2005
ECHR case where court ruled that a blanket ban on british prisoners to vote is contrary to ECHR as it did not state voting rights for all prisoners
62
Why should prisoners be given the right to vote
Human right, equality is being damaged reintegration of prisoners back into society, decrease offending rates, good for social inclusion Issues prisoners face can be taken seriously by gov increase turnout and legitimacy
63
why shouldn’t prisoners be given the vote
lack of education, atleast before expansion prisoners broke laws therefore should loose freedoms increase tax no popular demand, 62% 2012 said no
64
arguments for compulsory voting (4)
increase participation, spoilt ballots express apathy ( australia 90% TO) increase legitimacy, more parties with majority of votes instead of seats (Con2019) Civic duty- value society and create community ( new lab was more centric ) stronger social justice, minorities represented
65
Arguments against compulsory voting (4)
abuse for freedoms people could still not vote (apathy) decrease turnout , need education reform Worthless votes - not based on consideration of manifestos could bring extremist views to surface, disengaged votes may vote against main parties as a protest vote
66
wealth does determine the extent of PG success
Most powerful groups do have wealth have money to donate ( Unite 10mil to lab 2019) can hire lobbyists benefit from media exposure, CBI(lobby group) often consulted by media on matters of business (economy)
67
how does wealth of PG not determine success
2019 Johnson announced to CBI he was not going to cut corporation tax by 2%, 17-19 later increased to 25% Tech and social media can help non wealthy groups to have impact by gathering attention
68
Size of PG determining success
large claim to Rep public option, gov will listen because they cause accountable to electorate NSPCC ensure membership is high to maintain influence Large size can organise easily and have impact - trade union strikes (2022)
69
Size does not determine success PG
size doesn’t matter, need insider status Con 2022 lack of trade union negotiations Howard Penal league small insider consulted regularly on gov plans to build more prisons small unions that rep populated groups (doctors teachers) have influence as they claim to represent ALL
70
Organisation and leadership determining success of PG
Revolving door politics (clegg facebook head of global affairs although well organised groups (BMA) junior doctor strikes unsuccessful 2013 manifesto pledge to offer 7 day NHS service
71
How does being inline with Gov ideology help PG succeed
72
ideology of PG leading to failure
1990 Pol tax Thatcher reaction from anti poll tax movement and wide spread public demonstrations against tax some which were violent led to resignation
73
Popular support of PG positive
gov not supporting popular groups could impact them in elections 2020 free school meals boosted by rashford forcing johnson to extend the use of vouchers to cover summer holidays
74
Popular support of PG failure
BMA popular, lost 2014 junior contact battle lobbying groups don’t rely on public support instead use revolving door politics and connections to exert influence
75
BMA
insider interest doctors lobby for improvements to health and healthcare SAS campaigns, opened formal ballot on industrial action end current pay dispute for consultant work force, improved pay sept 2024
76
action on smoking and health
end harm caused by tobacco provides resources and evidence gov pledged to achieve smoke free england by 2030 Law banning smoking in a car with children Tobacco and Vapes Bill 2024-25
77
Bma less associated with current gov why
2024 jan sunak blamed nhs waiting lists on the doctor strikes
78
extinction rebellion
outsider cause environmental non violent civil disobedience and disruptive demonstrations sit in protests and strikes push back on petrol diesel cars
79
just stop oil
outsider cause stop approving new fossil fuel projects non violent civil disobedience blocked m25 sit down protest nov 22 unpopular in parliament threw soup at van gogh painting in national gallery london
80
CBI
Insider interest speak for businesses ensure growth economic analysis
81
national education union
largest, insider interest improving working conditions teacher strikes in 2022 and 2023
82
RMT
outsider interest train strikes 81% of those who intended to travel during their studies had been travel impacted gov revised pay offers that have been accepted
83
lobbying example emma reynolds
revolving door worked as a managing director for a lobbying firm for banks and financial services as an mp she has lobbied the gov on an exemption of china of the rules of registration and foreign influence and wanted the financial regulator to water down its enforcement approach against firms under investigation for wrongdoing
84

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