Demography Flashcards
birth rate.
the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year
total fertility rate
the average number of children one woman will have between the ages of 15-44
death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
infant mortality rate
the number of children dying before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
dependancy ratio
the number of children dying before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
life expentancy
the average number of years that a person can expect to live.
migration
Moving to another country for a period of at least a year. (Internal migration: moving within your country of residence e.g. from London to Devon)
immigration
Entering another country for a period of at least a year, so that is becomes your usual place of residence.
emigration
Leaving your usual country of residence for a period of at least a year, to live in another country.
net migration
The difference between the number of immigrants coming in to a country and the number of emigrants leaving a country in a year.
natural change
Changes in the size of the population due to changes in the number of births and deaths, excluding migration.
globalisation
The way in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected, causing time and space to seem compressed.
causes for decreasing birth rate
chnages in gender roles, womens position in society
increasingly effective contraception widely available plus access to abortion,
women less likely to get married,
women working in paid employment means that it is hard to combine a large number of children with working,
greater legal equality and rights for women, e.g. Equal Pay Act, 1970,
increased educational performance for women.
causes for decreasing birth and fertility rates
falling infant mortality
rising living standards,
improved hygiene and sanitation,
improvements in healthcare,
increased monitoring of child welfare and the developing role of the welfare state.
causes for decreasing birth and fertility rates
increased cost of child rearing
The length of schooling has been extended meaning that children are dependent on their parents for longer.
Views on parenting and childhood have changed: we are now more materialistic and child-centred.
People also want higher living standards and so having less children means that this is possible