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Demography Flashcards

1
Q

What does Crude Death Rate (CDR) measure?

A

It measures the average risk of death in a population.

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2
Q

What is the formula for Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

A

(Total deaths from all causes in an area and period / Estimated total population at risk in the same area and period) x 1000

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3
Q

What is a merit of CDR?

A

It’s easy to compute and understand.

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4
Q

What is another merit of CDR?

A

It measures the average risk of death in the population.

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5
Q

What is a demerit of CDR?

A

It’s affected by the age and sex composition of the population, making comparisons difficult without similar structures.

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6
Q

What is another demerit of CDR?

A

It doesn’t account for variations in death risk by factors like age group, sex, race, occupation, etc. (it’s ‘crude’).

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7
Q

How can the main limitation of CDR be overcome when comparing populations?

A

Standardization (Direct or Indirect methods) can adjust for age/sex differences.

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8
Q

What do Age & Sex Specific Death Rates (ASDR) measure?

A

The risk of death among persons in a specific age and sex group.

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9
Q

What is a merit of ASDR?

A

It’s simple to calculate.

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10
Q

What is another merit of ASDR?

A

It allows comparison of mortality for specific age/sex groups between populations, even with different overall compositions.

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11
Q

What is a third merit of ASDR?

A

It provides essential data for constructing life tables.

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12
Q

What is a demerit of ASDR?

A

It doesn’t summarize total mortality in a single figure.

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13
Q

What is another demerit of ASDR?

A

Comparing overall mortality between populations requires comparing many different rates, which is cumbersome.

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14
Q

What does the Stillbirth Rate measure?

A

The risk of foetal death occurring after 28 completed weeks of gestation.

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15
Q

What is the formula for Stillbirth Rate?

A

(Number of stillbirths / Number of live births + stillbirths) x 1000

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16
Q

What is the WHO definition of Perinatal Mortality Rate?

A

Deaths of fetuses >=500g (or >=22 weeks gestation) PLUS early neonatal deaths (first week), per 1000 total births.

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17
Q

What is the definition of Perinatal Mortality Rate for international comparison?

A

Late foetal deaths (>28 weeks gestation) PLUS infant deaths within the first week of life.

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18
Q

What is the significance of the Perinatal Mortality Rate?

A

It’s an important indicator of maternal care, maternal health/nutrition, antenatal care, and the quality of obstetric/paediatric care.

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19
Q

What is the Perinatal Period?

A

From >22 weeks of gestation up to the completion of the 1st week of life.

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20
Q

What does the Neonatal Mortality Rate measure?

A

The risk of death during the first 28 days of life.

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21
Q

What is the formula for Neonatal Mortality Rate?

A

(Number of deaths of infants <28 days old / Number of live births in the same period) x 1000

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22
Q

What is the Early Neonatal Period?

A

The first week of life (<7 days).

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23
Q

What is the Late Neonatal Period?

A

From day 7 up to day 28 (7-28 days).

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24
Q

What does the Post Neonatal Mortality Rate measure?

A

The risk of death from 4 weeks (28 days) up to 1 year of age.

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25
What is the formula for Post Neonatal Mortality Rate?
(Number of deaths of infants aged 4 weeks to 1 year / Number of live births in the same period) x 1000
26
What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measure?
The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.
27
What is the formula for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
(Number of deaths of infants <1 year old / Number of live births in the same period) x 1000
28
What is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)?
The ratio between maternal deaths and live births occurring in a specified area during a given period.
29
What is the formula for Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)?
(Total maternal deaths / Total live births in the same period) x 100,000
30
What is the typical multiplier used when expressing MMR?
100,000 live births.
31
What is the definition of a Maternal Death?
Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental/incidental causes).
32
What does the Disease/Cause Specific Death Rate measure?
The rate at which people die from a specific disease relative to the total population.
33
What does the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) measure?
How fatal a specific disease is (proportion of diagnosed cases who die from it).
34
What is the formula for Case Fatality Rate (CFR)?
(Total deaths due to a specific disease / Total number of persons with that disease) x 100
35
What does the Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR) represent?
The proportion of total deaths in a population that are due to a specific cause.
36
What is the formula for Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)?
(Number of deaths from a specific cause / Total number of deaths from all causes) x 100
37
What is the definition of a Live Birth?
Complete expulsion/extraction of a product of conception showing any sign of life (breathing, heartbeat, cord pulsation, voluntary muscle movement) after separation, regardless of gestation duration.
38
What is Foetal Death?
Death prior to complete expulsion/extraction where the foetus shows no signs of life after separation.
39
What is a limitation of mortality data related to reporting?
Incomplete reporting of deaths.
40
What is a limitation of mortality data related to accuracy?
Inaccuracies in recording age and cause of death.
41
What is a limitation of mortality data related to consistency?
Lack of uniformity in recording practices.
42
What is a limitation of mortality data related to cause assignment?
Difficulty in choosing a single underlying cause of death when multiple conditions exist.
43
44
What are Push Factors in migration?
Factors that compel people to leave an area, such as few jobs, war, famine, or natural disasters.
45
What are Pull Factors in migration?
Factors that attract people to a new area, such as better healthcare, job opportunities, education, or safety.
46
What are the main measures of migration mentioned?
Immigration Rate, Emigration Rate, Net Migration
47
List some impacts of migration.
Generation of foreign exchange, better standard of living, brain drain, social impacts (e.g., elderly care, GBV), illegal migration consequences, human trafficking.
48
What does Fertility refer to?
The number of live births that an average woman bears during her reproductive years from puberty to menopause.
49
What does Fecundity refer to?
The potential/physiological capacity to produce a live birth.
50
What does Fertility exclude?
Reproductive wastage.
51
Name three measures of fertility.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
52
What is Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?
Number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population in a given year.
53
Define General Fertility Rate (GFR).
Number of live births per 1000 women of child bearing age in a given year.
54
What does Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) measure?
Number of live births in a year to any specified age group
55
Explain Total Fertility Rate (TFR).
Average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through her reproductive years conforming to the ASFRs of a given year.
56
What additional information does TFR provide?
Gives the approximate magnitude of the "completed family size".
57
Define Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR).
Average number of daughters born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through her childbearing years conforming to the ASFRs of a given year.
58
What is Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)?
Average number of daughters that would be born to a woman if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the ASFRs and mortality rates of a given year.
59
What does Replacement level fertility mean?
Level of fertility at which a cohort of women on average have only enough daughters to "replace" themselves in the population.
60
How is Crude Birth Rate calculated?
Live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population in a given year.
61
Who does General Fertility Rate consider in its population?
Women of child bearing age.
62
What is the significance of Age Specific Fertility Rate?
It provides a more precise measure of fertility by age group
63
How does Gross Reproduction Rate differ from Net Reproduction Rate?
GRR considers daughters born if passing through ASFRs only; NRR also accounts for mortality rates.
64
Population Dynamics
The study of changes in population size and structure over time.
65
Main Determinants of Population Dynamics
1. Number of births, 2. Number of deaths, 3. Net migration (immigration - emigration).
66
Natural Increase
The change in population size based only on the difference between births and deaths (migration is not considered).
67
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
An indication of population growth based only on births and deaths. It indicates the stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) a country is in.
68
RNI Formula
RNI = (CBR - CDR) / 10 (where CBR is Crude Birth Rate and CDR is Crude Death Rate)
69
RNI in DTM Stage 1
RNI is approximately 0 (High births ≈ High deaths).
70
RNI in DTM Stage 2
RNI spikes (Deaths drop, births remain high).
71
RNI in DTM Stages 3-4
RNI declines towards zero (Births fall).
72
RNI in DTM Stage 5
RNI becomes negative (Births < Deaths).
73
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
The average number of daughters a woman would have if she experienced the current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) throughout her childbearing years, assuming no mortality during those years. (Potential daughters, ignores death).
74
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
The average number of daughters a woman would have if she experienced the current ASFRs and age-specific mortality rates throughout her lifetime. (Realistic daughters, includes death).
75
Replacement Level Fertility
The level of fertility at which a cohort of women have just enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. Corresponds to an NRR of approximately 1.0.
76
Demographic Transition
A model describing population change over time, driven by continuous changes in fertility, mortality, and sometimes migration rates.
77
DTM Stage 1: High Stationary
Characterized by high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in stable or slow population increase.
78
Reasons for High Birth/Death Rates (Stage 1)
High Births: Little birth control, high infant mortality, children needed for labor, cultural/religious norms. High Deaths: Disease, famine, poor hygiene/diet, limited medical science.
79
DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding
Characterized by high birth rates but rapidly falling death rates, leading to a very rapid increase in population.
80
Reasons for Falling Death Rates (Stage 2)
Improvements in medical care, sanitation, water supply, food production/transport, decrease in infant mortality.
81
DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding
Characterized by falling birth rates and death rates that continue to fall but more slowly. Population growth slows down.
82
Reasons for Falling Birth Rates (Stage 3 & 4)
Increased access to contraception, industrialization (less need for child labor), increased desire for material possessions, female empowerment/education/careers.
83
DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary
Characterized by low birth rates and low death rates. Population growth is stable or very slow (close to zero).
84
DTM Stage 5: Population Depletion
Characterized by death rates exceeding birth rates, leading to a natural decrease in population size.
85
Population Pyramid
A graphical illustration (age-sex pyramid) showing the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically separated by gender.
86
Population Pyramid: Base
Represents the youngest age groups; a wide base indicates high fertility.
87
Population Pyramid: Top
Represents the oldest age groups; a narrow top indicates lower life expectancy/higher mortality at older ages.
88
Expansive Population Pyramid
Triangular/pyramid shape with a wide base and narrow top. Represents young, growing populations with high fertility and lower life expectancy (typical of developing nations/DTM Stage 2).
89
Constrictive Population Pyramid
Base is narrower than the middle sections. Represents elderly and shrinking populations with low fertility rates (typical of DTM Stage 4/5).
90
Stationary Population Pyramid
Rectangular or column shape. Represents populations that are not growing significantly, with low fertility and low mortality rates (typical of DTM Stage 4).
91
Population Ageing
A process where the proportion of older people in a population increases, often due to falling fertility rates and increasing life expectancy.
92
Economic Implications of Population Ageing
Increased dependency ratio, strain on pension systems, potential labor shortages, need for retirement income support.
93
Social Implications of Population Ageing
Increased burden on caretakers, strain on healthcare systems (chronic diseases, disabilities, rehabilitation needs), potential changes in family structures.

Com Med (7 decks)

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