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Sociology - Families & Households > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per year per 1000 of the population.

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2
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years.

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3
Q

What is the trend for birth rate & fertility rate?

A

Decreasing

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4
Q

Name 4 reasons for the decline in birth rate and fertility rate

A
  • Changing position of women in society
  • Decline in infant mortality
  • Children as an economic liability
  • Growth of child-centredness
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5
Q

Explain how the changing position of women in society is a reason the decline in birth rate and fertility rate

A
  • Feminisation of the economy
  • Increased legal protections led to greater female employment
  • Increased access to contraception and abortion since 1967
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6
Q

Explain how a decline in infant mortality is a reason for the decline in birth rate and fertility rate

A

Children are no longer needed as an “insurance”

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7
Q

Explain how children as an economic liability is a reason for the decline in birth rate and fertility rate

A

Children no longer contribute financially to the household, and are now expensive to raise.

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8
Q

Explain how the growth of child-centredness is a reason for the decline in birth rate and fertility rate

A
  • Parents choose to have fewer children deliberately.
  • Smaller families allow more focus on each child.
  • Ensures children receive more attention, care, and nurturing.
  • Children become central to parents’ lives.
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9
Q

What is the impact of the decline in birth rate and fertility rate on families and households

A
  • Increase in child-centred family
  • Increase in dual earner family
  • Increase in beanpole family
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10
Q

What is the impact of the decline in birth rate and fertility rate on the dependency ratio

A
  • Short term: Lowers the dependency ratio because there’s less babies
    -Long term: Less people of working age to care for elderly / young
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11
Q

What is the impact of the decline in birth rate and fertility rate on social policies and public services

A
  • Possible reduction in services for parents, children and babies.
  • Changes to housing as families are smaller.
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12
Q

the decline in birth rate and fertility rate What is the impact of a declining birth rate and fertility rate on the population age

A

Increase the average population age as less young people.

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13
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.

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14
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths of children before their 1st birthday per 1000 live births per year.

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15
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live within a specific culture and gender.

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16
Q

Ageing population

A

A population in which the proportion of people over the age 65 is increasing.

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17
Q

What is the trend for death rate & infant mortality rate and what is the trend for life expectancy and an ageing population?

A
  • Death rate & IMF: Decreasing
  • Life expectancy & an ageing population: Increasing
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18
Q

Name 5 reasons for the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population

A
  • Medical improvements
  • Improved nutrition and hygiene
  • Changing lifestyles
  • Public health measures
  • Social and Economic Factors
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19
Q

Explain how medical improvements is a reason for the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population

A
  • Vaccines and antibiotics reduced deaths from infectious diseases.
  • NHS (1948) gave free healthcare, improving access.
  • Medical advances lowered deaths from heart disease and cancer.
  • Life expectancy increased, contributing to an ageing population.
  • More age-related deaths rather than infection caused
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20
Q

Explain how improved nutrition and hygeine is a reason for the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population & name the sociologist

A
  • McKeown
  • He notes that diseases like TB declined steeply before immunisation was introduced due to improved nutrition.
  • Improvements in hygiene accounted for about 20% of the long-term fall in death rates.
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21
Q

Explain how changing lifestyles is a reason for the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population

A

Public campaigns and smoking ban reduced smokers by nearly 50%

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22
Q

Explain how public health measures is a reason for the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population

A

Housing, purer drinking water, sewage disposal, Clean Air Act, Health and Safety laws

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23
Q

Explain how social and economic factors is a reason the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population

A

Rising living standards have reduced overall mortality, although death rates remain higher in deprived areas, and differences in life expectancy are significant.

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24
Q

What is the impact of the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population on families and households

A
  • Increase in one-person pensioner households & time spent in it.
  • Increasing time period living as an empty nest family.
  • Increase in beanpole family.
  • Increase in modified extended family.
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25
What is the impact of **the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population** on the dependency ration
- Increase in the dependent population as elderly people live for longer beyond retirement.
26
What is the impact of **the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population** on social policies & public services
- Increased spending on facilities and services for elderly e.g. home help / healthcare - May lead to delaying the state pension age to reduce economic deficit
27
What is the impact of **the decline in death rate & IMR and the increase in life expectancy & an ageing population** on the population age
Increase the average population age as people are living longer.
28
Net migration
The difference in the number of people leaving a country compared to the number entering.
29
What is the trend for **net migration**?
Increasing
30
Name 3 reasons for the **increase in net migration**
- Push factors - Pull factors - Globalisation
31
Explain how push factors is a reason for **the increase in net migration**
War, famine, natural disasters, poverty & lack of job opportunities, human rights abuses
32
Explain how pull factors is a reason for **the increase in net migration**
Safety, job opportunities, education, better health care
33
Explain how globalisation is a reason for **the increase in net migration**
Increased interconnectedness.
34
What impact does the **increase in net migration** have on families and households?
- Increased family diversity e.g. extended families are more common in Asian families, Eastern European families more likely to have more children, Lone-parenthood more common in Caribbean families - World families and distant love as families are separated due to migration
35
What impact does the **increase in net migration** have on the dependency ration?
- Lowers the dependency ratio as most economic migrants are of working age and elderly migrants often return to their home countries when they retire - However, may increase it as immigrant families tend to have more children
36
What impact does the **increase in net migration** have on social policies & public services?
- Assimilation policies of 1960s aimed to integrate migrant cultures into a ‘British way of life’ and remove cultural difference. - Multicultural policies of 1980s aimed to remove discrimination for ethnic minorities. - Community cohesion policies of 2000s, returned to need for integration of minorities
37
What impact does the **increase in net migration** have on population age?
Decrease the average population age as most migrants are young.
38
Ageism
Discrimination against a person or group based on age
39
The dependency ratio
The number of people in the population who are in paid employment compared to the number of people who are not (and who therefore remain dependent on those who are).
40
Ageing population
A population in which the proportion of people over the age of 65 is increasing.
41
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another
42
Immigration
Movement into a country that is not the country of origin
43
Emmigration
Movement out (leaving) your country of origin to go to another country
44
Net migration
The difference in the number of people leaving a country compared to the " i numbers of people entering.
45
Globalisation
The growing interconnectedness of cultures and societies around the world that has come about because of technological advances
46
What is voluntary childlessness and give a statistic?
- Where women choose not to adopt or have children - 20% of women in Britain
47
According to Harper what is the most important reason for the long-term **decline in birth and fertility rates**?
- Education of women - Educated women are more likely to use contraception and see a life beyond being a traditional housewife
48
Name 3 evaluation points for the changing position of women in society being the main reason for **the decline in birth rate and fertility rate**
- Working class women are less likely to have experienced the shift towards greater equality and opportunity. - Many women continue to work part time and take more time off work for maternity leave than their partners take for paternity. - Women still face the ‘glass ceiling’ at work
49
What do March of progress sociologists claim the reason for the lower birth rate can be connected to?
The changing health and well-being of children
50
According to Shorter what is the link between birth rate & IMR?
- High infant mortality led parents to have many children as insurance. - Now, low infant mortality means fewer children are needed. - This has caused the birth rate to decline.
51
What is an evaluation as to why women had larger number of children in the past not connected to the IMR?
- Lack of access to contraception - Children as an economic asset
52
What do March of Progress sociologists argue in regards to children being an economic liability?
- In the past children were an economic asset where they contributed to the family domestically and financially - Abolition of child labout & expansion of compulsory education shifted this role - Today, children are an economic liability and are costly to parents
53
What does Aries (1960) argue about changing perceptions of children?
- In the past, children were seen as mini adults contributing to the household. - Over time, they became viewed as economically dependent and burdensome.
54
What does Pugh (2002) say about children's consumer influence?
- Children use "pester power" to pressure parents into buying toys and gadgets. - Expectations among children have increased due to peer influence.
55
On average how much does raising a child cost?
£12,000 a year.
56
What has increased financial dependency of children?
Compulsory education until 18
57
What is a key evaluation for children being an economic burden?
The introduction of the welfare state e.g free schools and healthcare
57
What is an evaluation for child-centredness being a reason for demographic change?
The child-centred family is a consequence of low birth rates, rather than a cause.
58
What is an evaluation for medical improvements is the cause for a decline in death rate
Early death rate decline was more due to better nutrition than medicine.
59
Evaluation of McKeown's idea that improved nutrition has lead to demographic change
- Doesn't explain why females, who traditionally received a smaller share of the family food supply lived longer than males. - Doesn't why deaths from infectious diseases actually rose at a time of improving nutrition.
60
What is an evaluation for changing lifestyles being the reason for higher life expectancy and reduced death rate?
- Obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic. - 2012: 25% of UK adults were obese. - Alcohol related deaths were higher in 2015 than in 1994 and rates of physical inactivity remain high.
61
What does Harper suggest about the UK's health culture?
- The UK is moving towards an American health culture - Where lifestyles are unhealthy but costly medication helps maintain a longer life.

Sociology - Families & Households (7 decks)

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