Demography Flashcards
(5 cards)
What are the reasons for the decline in the birth rate?
. Changes in the position of women- increased educational opportunities, more women in paid work, access to abortion and contraception
- Harper- women’s eduction is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates, e.g 2012, one in 5 women aged 45 was childless- double the number of 25 years earlier
Child centredness- Childhood is now socially constructed/ important period of life, parents focus on quality not quantity- they have fewer children to give more attention and resources to
. Fall in mortality rate- measures number of babies who die before their first bday per thousand per year
- harper- a fall in the IMR leads to the fall in the birth rate- if many infants die, parents have more children to replace those they have lost, thereby increasing the birth rate , by contact, if infants survive, parents will have fewer of them
- in 1900 IMR for uk was 154- 15% dies
- began to fall due to:
improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of hygiene, improved technology
What are to impacts of a declining birth rate?
- Dependency ratio increases: relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the non, earnings/ made by children - large amount of DR- use support the population
-2015 3.2 people of Working age for every pensioner, ratio is predicted to fall to 2.8 to 1 by 2033 - a fall in the number of children reduces the ‘burden of dependecy’ on the working working population
-falling fertility rates- childhood may become a lonely experience
Public services: fewer schools, child health services needed. it also affects. The cost of maternity/ paternity leave ad type of houses built
- ageing population- more old people relative too young people - strain on care homes
The family: smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out to work, thus creating a dual earner couple, better off couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare that allows them both to work full time
Give 3 reasons for the decline in death rate?
- improved nutrition: McKeown argues that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the eduction in the deaths from TB, it increased resistance to infection and increased survival chances of those infected
Medical improvements: after 1950s, improved medical knowledge techniques and organisations did help to reduce death rates, advances to antibiotics, immunisation, blood transfusion,improved maternity services- medication/surgery and other developments have reduced deaths from hart disease by one- third
Other social changes: the decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining, lifestyle changes, reduction of people who smoke
Give 3 reasons for an ageing population?
Increased life expectancy: People are. Living longer into old age
Decline infant mortality- hardly anyone dies early in life
Declining fertility- fewer young people are being born in relation to the number of older people in the population
What are the impacts of an ageing population?
Ageism: the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age, discrimination through employment and unequal treatment In health care - ‘baby talk in NHS’
Rising dependency ratio: relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the non, earnings/ made by children - large amount of DR- use support the population
-2015 3.2 people of Working age for every pensioner, ratio is predicted to fall to 2.8 to 1 by 2033
One- person pensioner households- one person pensioner households now account for about 1 in 8 of all households, most are female- among over-75s, there are 2x as many women as men, described as the ‘feminisation of later life’.
