Demography

Question 1

Decline in birth rate - P1

Answer 1

CPOW
- 2006 1/5 women childless at 45yrs which is double compared 20 yrs earlier,
- Harper, education created new mind set, educated women use family planning and have career, this now norm
Eval
- Rad Fem - women still oppressed, sexually regulated by control of men, male gaze, triple shift

Question 2

Decline in birth rate P2

Answer 2

Decline in infant mortality rate
- parents used to have to replace the ones they lost
- now improved housing and better sanitation and improved services for mothers and children, postnatal clinics
Eval
- Brass and Kabir, trend of smaller famililies started in urban areas but IMR remained higher for longer in urban areas

Question 3

Decline in the birth rate P3

Answer 3

Kids now economic liability
- were economic assets
- laws banning child labour, compulsory education
- children economically dependent
Eval
- EMs still have above average children in family so can’t generalise this reason
- kids now get job at 14, more of an asset

Question 4

Decline in birth rate P4

Answer 4

Child centredness
- shift from quantity to quality
- more attention and resources

Question 5

Decline in death rate P1

Answer 5

Improve nutrition - Mckeown
- account half of reduction in deaths especially TB deaths
- vitamin supplements, resistance to infection
- influencers promote healthy lifestyle
Eval
- doenst explain why women have less food but live longer or why deaths from infectious disease grew when nutrition improved - measles

Question 6

Decline in death rate P2

Answer 6

Medical improvements
- 1950s medical knowledge
- development blood transfusions, antibiotics, intro NHS 1948
- recently, improved medication and open heart surgery helped reduce deaths from heart disease by 1/3
Eval
- minimal medical improvements before 1950, death rate was falling before 1950

Question 7

Decline in death rate P3

Answer 7

Harper - smoking and diet
- reduction in no. ppl smoking
Eval
- obesity replaced smoking, new lifestyle epidemic, 2012 1/4 UK adults obese

Question 8

Decline in death rate P4

Answer 8

Other social factors
- decline in dangerous manual jobs - mining
- higher incomes so can afford healthier lifestyle