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Anatomy Exam 2 > Dental Anatomy Lungs > Flashcards

Dental Anatomy Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory system structure

A
  • conducting and respiratory portions and ventilatory mechanism
  • Pressure differences move air into and out of the lungs, causing inspiration &expiration
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2
Q

anatomical components of respiratory system

A

Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT (lungs)

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3
Q

respiratory system function

A
  • Conducts & conditions inspired air (nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)
  • Gas exchange between air & blood (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
  • Olfaction
  • Phonation
  • Defense (components of immune system in the walls; coughing)
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4
Q

when does the appearance of respiratory or laryngotracheal diverticulum develop after fertilization?

A

week 4

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5
Q

right & left primary bronchi

A

right & left lungs

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6
Q

secondary or lobar bronchi

A

number of lobes

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7
Q

right lung has how many lobes?

A

3 lobes (upper, middle, lower or superior, middle, inferior)

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8
Q

left lung has how mant lobes?

A

2 lobes (upper, lower or superior, inferior)

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9
Q

general features of right and left lungs

A
  • contained within separate pleural sacs.
  • separated from one another by the heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum).
  • elastic (due to elastic fibers in the alveoli)
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10
Q

how much can lungs recoil?

A

they recoil to about 1/3 their uninflated size when the thoracic cavity is opened

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11
Q

each lung is surrounded by what?

A

pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura.

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12
Q

how are the lungs suspended?

A

from the mediastinum by the lung root

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13
Q

apex

A

it is covered by cervical pleura and projects 2-3cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of neck.

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14
Q

base or diaphragmatic surface

A

against the dome of the diaphragm

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15
Q

costal surface

A

adjacent the sternum,costal cartilages, the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs,and vertebrae.

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16
Q

mediastinal surface

A

adjacent to the media stinum.

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17
Q

anterior border

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart. Inferior border

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18
Q

posterior border

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet broad and rounded broad and rounded

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19
Q

how is the left lung separated?

A

by oblique fissure

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20
Q

left lung 2 unique features

A
  • cardiac notch

- lingula (analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

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21
Q

location of oblique fissure in right lung

A

between superior/ middle and inferior

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22
Q

right lung 3 uniwue features

A
  • horizontal fissue between superior and middle
  • larger & heavier
  • shorters and wider
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23
Q

root of the lung

A

refers to the structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung.

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24
Q

hilum of the lung (“doorway”)

A

the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue.

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25
pulmonary ligament
where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura).
26
Hilum (root) of the lung structures (3)
* Pulmonary Arteries * Main Bronchi * Pulmonary Veins = 1Anterior, 1 Inferior
27
pulmonary arteries of root of lung
=Superior
28
Main Bronchi of root of lung
=Posterior (identified by cartilage in the wall)
29
Pulmonary Veins of root of the lung
1 anterior, 1 inferior
30
where is the most superior strucutre in the right root of the lung?
the bronchus to the superior lobe
31
surface impression of right lung
- Azygous vein - Right brachiocephalic vein - Superior vena cava - Esophagus - Heart or cardiac impression
32
surface impression of left lung
- esophagus - thoracic aorta - left subclavian artery - heart
33
how are the trachea and bronchi supported?
supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
34
trachea
bifurcates into mainbronchi (1ºbronchi). | A keel-like carina lies in the sagittalplane.
35
bronchial tree
branching system of air tubes in each lung | - from the main bronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles
36
main (primary) bronchi
- supported by C- shape hyaline cartilage rings | - right and left main bronchus
37
right main bronchus
- 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea - slightly wider and more vertical than left - aspired (inhaled) foreign objects lodge right bronchus more often the left
38
left main bronchus
5 cm long | slightly narrower and more horizontal than right
39
lobar (secondary) bronchi
•#2o bronchi=# lobes •supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates -3 right -2 left
40
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates | 10 on right and 8 on left
41
bronchopulmonary segment
functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
42
what is primary or mainstem bronchi lined by?
Lined by “respiratory” epithelium = pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
43
pneumonia
- inflammation of airways in lungs - most commonly due to an infection of alveoli - May involve segment,lobe or entirelung - Swelling of alveolar walls& fluid in the alveolar spaces - Reduces capacity for gas exchange
44
bronchopulmonary segment
the anatomical, functional and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs.
45
what does each lung consists of?
Each consists of a segmental bronchus, a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin CT septum.
46
what are the benefits of segmental (tertiary) bronchi?
- Can limit the spread of infection. - More easily removed. - Drained by intersegmental pulmonary veins (in the connective tissue between adjacent segments).
47
why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?
because a surgeon can resect a segment without seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue
48
alveoli
the primary site of gas exchange
49
oxygen
Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream
50
CO2
diffuse from blood across the alveolar wall to enter alveoli
51
how do pulmonary arteries run to bronchi?
Pulmonary arteries run parallel to the bronchi, usually on the anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus.
52
how do pulonary veins run?
Pulmonary veins run independent courses from arteries and bronchi.
53
bronchial arteries function
supply blood for nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura.
54
what are the nerves of the lungs derived from?
anterior and posterior pulonary plexuses
55
where is parasympathetic derived from and what is parasympathetic function??
- derived: vagus nerve - function: stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.
56
what derives from sympathetic trunks?
thoracic splanchnic nerves
57
function of sympathetic
stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels.
58
visceral afferent/ sensory
conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve
59
lymphatic drainage
Lymph nodes around bronchi & within connective tissue picks up carbon, dust particles & pollutants not filtered by the epithelium
60
lymphatic drainage flow
Lymph drains -> pulmonary nodes in lung-> bronchopulmonary nodes(hilum) –Tracheobronchial nodes -> L/R Bronchomediastinal trunks
61
emphysema
- main form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | - smoking- related disease
62
what happens to alveoli in emphysema
* Loss of area (alveoli) available for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue. * Alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil. * Alveoli expand but can’t contract/exhale air.
63
what happens to chest in emphysema?
Increased chest size or "barrel chest" (from abnormally expanded lungs in emphysema)
64
smoker's lungs
black due to accumulation of carbon in lymph nodes
65
lung cancer
- leading cause of smoking-and cancer-related mortality in both sexes. - Originates in the epithelium - second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women.
66
how do lung cancers manifest with symptoms and what are the symptoms?
- symptoms produced by the primary tumor, locoregional spread, and metastatic disease. - Pulmonary symptoms include: chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood),excess pulmonary mucus production & increased infections
67
carcinoma due to smoking
The malignant tumor has obstructed the bronchi supplying the middle and lower lobes, which are partially collapsed.

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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