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M4:Craniofacial Biology and tooth development > Dental Anomalies > Flashcards

Dental Anomalies Flashcards

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1
Q

How to approach developmental anomalies?

A
  1. Quantity: too many teeth? Too little teeth?
  2. Size: too big? Too small?
  3. Shape: is the morphology unusual?
  4. Aetiology: genetic or environmental?

Q.S.S.A:
“Queering seen situations accurately”

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2
Q

Hypodontia: Anodontia

A

Total lack of teeth in one or both dentitions

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3
Q

Hypodontia: Oligodontia

A

Rare condition where more than 6 primary or permanent teeth are absent.

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4
Q

Hypodontia: Prevalence

A

Primary dentition <1%
Permanent dentition 3-6%
More common in females 4:1

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5
Q

Hypodontia: third molars?

A

Missing 3rd molars in up to 30% of people.

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6
Q

Hypodontia: most commonly missing teeth

A
  1. Wisdom teeth
  2. lower 1st premolars
  3. Upper lateral incisors
  4. Upper 1st premolars
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7
Q

Hypodontia: ___% of patients with missing primary teeth also have missing permanent teeth.

A

50

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8
Q

Hypodontia: aetiology

A

Considered likely to be genetic (however could be in combination with environmental insult).

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9
Q

Hypodontia: associated syndromes

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Ectodermal dysplasia

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10
Q

Hypodontia: genetic issues

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in some families

Mutation in the MSX1 gene on chromosome 4

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11
Q

Ectodermal dysplasia

A

Occur when the outer layer of tissue (ectoderm) of the embryo does not develop normally.

Oral manifestiations: conical or pegged teeth, hypodontia or complete anodontia and delayed eruption of permanent teeth.

Other major symptoms: fewer sweat glands, putting infants at risks at overheating.

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12
Q

Age of this patient? Caries risk of this patient?

A

8-9 years old

6s present; over 6 years old.
7s furcations developing.
Lower 3s coming in = 9 years.

High caries risk; look at lower left 6 distal cusp (would consider extracting this tooth if 5 was present) and upper left 6 distal cusp. Overcrowding on upper left hand side liaise with orthodontist consultant.

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13
Q

What’s missing here?

A

Complex Hypodontia case, teeth missing:

Two upper lateral incisors.
One lower central incisor.
Lower right 5.
Upper left 5.

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14
Q

Where is caries present?

A

Lower right 6
Upper left 6
Lower left 6

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15
Q

Supernumerary teeth: prevalence

A

Primary dentition: 0.2-0.8%
Permanent dentition: 1.5-3.5%
Anterior maxilla most common site

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16
Q

Supernumerary teeth: associated conditions

A

Cleft lip and palate (40% of cases)
Cleidocranial dysostosis

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17
Q

Supernumerary teeth: mesiodens

A

In the midline; usually peg shaped teeth

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18
Q

Supernumerary teeth: supplemental teeth

A

Look like a normal tooth

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19
Q

Supernumerary teeth: Conical supernumeraries

A

If not inverted, there is a good chance they will erupt.

If not impeding eruption of other teeth, can be monitored until erupted and then extracted.

If inverted, they may migrate superiority towards nose.

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20
Q

Supernumerary teeth: Tuberculate supernumaries

A

Don’t tend to migrate but may impede eruption of adjacent teeth

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21
Q

Cleidocranial dysostosis

A
  1. The collar bones may be missing or abnormally developed.
  2. Delayed exfoliation, delayed or failing eruption of the permanent dentition with multiple supernumerary teeth, protruding mandible, and mid-face retrusion.
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22
Q

What are key considerations with unusual eruption patterns?

A
  1. Correct sequence of eruption
  2. Symmetry (if one tooth has come in and the other hasn’t, after 6 months - there would be concern).
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23
Q

What kind of supernumary teeth are these?

A

Conical (mesiodens - in the midline)

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24
Q

Where is this supernumerary tooth located (palatal or labial)?

A

Palatal (because as the X-ray tube has moved to take the other view of the tooth, the tooth appears to be going up the way)

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25
Q

Locate this supernumerary tooth.

A

Palatal (“x-ray tube has moved with the tooth”)

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26
Q

Where is the supernumerary tooth on this radiograph and what kind of tooth is it (how might this impact clinically)?

A

Inverted supernumerary tooth (upside down: wants to move in the direction of the arrow).

Clinical implications means this tooth will not erupt.

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27
Q

Microdontia: peg shaped teeth

A

Peg shaped laterals

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28
Q

Microdontia: Prevalence

A

Primary teeth: 0.2-0.5%
Permanent teeth: 2.5%

More common in females than males

Lateral incisors most affected

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29
Q

Macrodontia: how can you tell if a tooth is fusion or gemination?

A

Clincally: Count the teeth !

Gemination: one extra crown in the mouth.

30
Q

Fusion or gemination?

A

Fusion

31
Q

Fusion or gemination?

A

Fusion

32
Q

Fusion or gemination?

A

Gemination

33
Q

Talon cusp

A

Think of it as the opposite of an invagination. It may have its own bit of pulp! Don’t be tempted to lift the high speed to smooth down. Can be mistaken for supernumerary when partially erupted.

34
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta

A

A spectrum of hereditary defects in the function of ameloblasts and mineralisation of enamel matrix.

35
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta: classifications

A
  1. Hypoplastic type: think, but hard enamel; normal bond strength.
  2. Hypomineralised type: full thickness enamel, but very soft; impaired bond strength.

NOTE: If a disturbance occurs during the secretion phase, the enamel defect is called hypoplasia. If it occurs during the mineralisation or maturation phase, it is called hypomineralisation.

36
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta: prevalence

A

1:700-4000

37
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta: inheritance

A
  1. Autosomal dominant
  2. Autosomal recessive
  3. X-linked
  4. Sporadic inheritance patterns
  5. As well as sporadic cases
38
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta: other oral manifestations

A
  1. Pulp calcification
  2. Taurodontism
  3. Delayed eruption
  4. Gingival overgrowth
  5. Skeletal anterior open bite (~50% of patients)
39
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta: hypomaturation
Case: half brother has as well. Different fathers, type ..?

A

X-linked

40
Q

Hypoplastic or hypomineralised?

A

Can’t tell as enamel is breaking down

41
Q

Hypomineralised or Hypoplastic?

A

Hypomineralised (i.e breakdown occurs after eruption)

Looking at the 5s, the are the correct shape until they’ve erupted.

42
Q

Dentinogenesis imperfecta: Type I

A

Associated with osteogenesis imperfecta.

43
Q

Dentinogenesis imperfecta: Type II

A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta on its own, more significant that type I but doesn’t involve osteogenesis.

44
Q

Dentinogenesis imperfecta: Type III

A

“Brandywine isolate” very rare (1:8000)

45
Q

Features of a patient with dentinogenesis imperfecta

A

Likelihood of skeletal abnormalities.
>70% class III skeletal pattern
Likelihood of bone fractures.
Biphosphanates routinely used in management.
Cardiac defects likely.

46
Q

Dentinogenesis: Features in primary dentition

A

Colour - amber
Attrition
Pulp obliteration
Spontaneous abscesses

47
Q

Dentinogenesis: permanent dentition

A

Colour - grey/translucent
Short roots
Pulp obliteration
Spontaneous abscesses

48
Q

Main clinical problems with a patient with Dentinogenesis imperfecta

A
  1. Poor aesthetics
  2. Chipping & attrition of enamel
  3. Exposure of dentine
  4. Poor oral hygiene, gingivitis and caries
  5. Pain and infection, pupal necrosis
49
Q

Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH)

A

Developmental defect in enamel structure
Typically primarily first permanent molars and central incisors.
1 in 5 people (very common)

50
Q

MIH: aetiology

A

Not fully understood…
1. Environmental factors during late preganancy or first year of life
2. Genetic component

51
Q

Fluorosis

A
  1. Result from ingestion of high F concentrations during Amelogenesis
  2. Irregular enamel opacities, stained if severe
  3. Only affects teeth being form during time of excessive fluoride

NOTE: unusual in Scotland

52
Q

Turner’s tooth

A
  1. Affects successional tooth (often second premolars)
  2. Allegedly Hypoplastic enamel following infection around the interradicular area of a primary tooth
  3. But how many sinuses abscesses on primary molars result in this appearance.
53
Q

Dilaceration of root

A

As a result of trauma to the tooth germ, during root formation.

Case: primary tooth gets knocked, this hits the permanent tooth germ and as a result the permanent tooth’s root begins growing in an odd direction.

54
Q

Metabolic disturbances

A

Presence of certain ion during Amelogenesis resulting in colour change. Can often results in banding effect.

55
Q

Discuss the clinical problems seen in this case.

A

Red - supernumerary tooth (supplemental)
Blue - Invagination on the lateral incisors (possibly dens in dente)
Green - very poor oral hygiene (not to be confused with MIH)

56
Q

When do primary teeth start to erupt?

A

6 months

57
Q

Which primary teeth erupt first?

A

lower central incisors

58
Q

When is the primary dentition complete?

A

Around 2.5 years

59
Q

When does the mixed dentition stage begin?

A

6 years

60
Q

Which teeth erupt first in mixed dentition stage?

A

Lower central incisors

61
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the mixed dentition stage?

A

Between 6-8

And

Between 10-12

62
Q

When is the permanent dentition established and what are the main features of this?

A

Around 12 years

Molar relationship. no crowding or spacing or rotated teeth. Occlusal plane flat or mild curve of Spee

63
Q

Curve of Spee

A

The curvature of the mandibular occlusal plane.

64
Q

When do primary teeth develop?

A

28 days in utero: continuous dental epithelium arrives

~6 weeks in utero: Signalling initiated the dental

65
Q
A
66
Q

dilacerated teeth are most commonly causes by…

A

trauma to the primary predecessor tooth

67
Q
A

Dens evaginatus

68
Q

What is dens evaginatus?

A

Outer surface appears to form an extra bump or cusp (commonly affects premolars) —> Mongoloid origin.

69
Q

What can you see radiographically with dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A

Roots are shorter and may be more pointed than usual.

70
Q

What is the incisor liability?

A

Difference in mesiodistal width of the primary and secondary incisors.

M4:Craniofacial Biology and tooth development (9 decks)

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