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Dental Anatomy > Dental hygiene > Flashcards

Dental hygiene Flashcards

1
Q

Dentitions of teeth

A

Primary dentition
Mixed dentition
Permanent dentition

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2
Q

primary dentition

A

formation begins in utero

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3
Q

mixed dentition

A

when primary teeth are being exfoliated and permanent teeth are moving in to take their place

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4
Q

mixed dentition occurs

A

between ages 6 and 12

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5
Q

permanent dentition mineralization

A

starts at birth and continues or until adolescence.

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6
Q

Roots have normally completed growth

A

by 3 years after eruption

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7
Q

the WHO

A

world health organization

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8
Q

the WHO defines caries as

A

a localized post-eruptive, pathologic process of external origin involving softening of the hard tooth tissue and proceeding to the formation of a cavity

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9
Q

true or false: Dental caries is a preventable disease

A

True

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10
Q

Dental caries are communicable and its a hygienists job to

A

educate patients to prevent the spread of dental caries.

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11
Q

development of dental caries requires

A

microorganisms, carbohydrates and susceptible tooth surface.

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12
Q

Dental biofilm may contain numerous types of acid-forming bacteria specifically:

A

Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli

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13
Q

who developed the standard method of classifying caries.

A

G.V Black

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14
Q

the categories of G.V Blacks classifcations of cavities are used for

A

Caries, preps and finished restorations

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15
Q

Nomenclature by surface

A

Simple cavity, compound cavity and complex cavity.

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16
Q

Simple cavity

A

involves one surface

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17
Q

Compound cavity

A

involves two tooth surfaces.

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18
Q

Complex cavity

A

involves two or more tooth surfaces.

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19
Q

Phase I in formation of a cavity

A

incipient lesion

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20
Q

Phase II of formation of cavity

A

Untreated incipient lesions

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21
Q

During Phase I of formation of a cavity

A

subsurface demineralization happens

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22
Q

Subsurface demineralization

A

acid passes through from surface enamel to subsurface area in the dentin

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23
Q

Visualization during Phase I of formation of a cavity

A

area of demineralization not visible by clinical observation

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24
Q

First clinical evidence of cavity formation

A

white area appears with no breakthrough to enamel.

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25
Q

During Phase I of cavity formation you can try to reverse cavity by

A

remineralization.

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26
Q

Remineralization

A

low concentrations of fluoride applied frequently during early phase can provide sources for uptake by demineralized area.

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27
Q

Sources of fluoride can be:

A

dentifrices, mouth rinse, fluoridated water and all possible sources.

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28
Q

Untreated incipient lesion

A

Breakdown of enamel over the demineralized area.

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29
Q

Vision during Phase II of cavity formation

A

Visible to observation and irregular to touch with explorer.

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30
Q

Formation of cavity steps.

A 
Sugar source ( any carbohydrate) + bacteria (Plaque) --> formation of acid = cavity. 
Bacteria eats sugar source and creates bi product which is acid and acid lying on teeth will cause a cavity.
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31
Q

Progression of carious lesion

A

follows general direction of enamel rods

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32
Q

spread of carious lesion

A

spreads at dentinoenamel junction; continues along dentinal tubules.

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33
Q

Types of dental caries (by location)

A

Pit and fissure.

Smooth surface.

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34
Q

Pit and fissure caries

A

caries can begin in a minute fault in enamel.
Pit and fissure irregularity occurs where 3 or more lobes of developing tooth join.
occurs at endings of grooves of teeth (buccal groove.)

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35
Q

smooth surface caries.

A

caries can begin on smooth surfaces where the are no faults.
It can occur in hard to clean areas. (Proximal surfaces.)

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36
Q

ECC

A

Early childhood caries

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37
Q

Early childhood caries classified as

A

1 cavity before the age of 5 years old.

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38
Q

other names for ECC

A

nursing bottle mouth, baby bottle syndrome, baby bottle caries and prolonged nursing habit.

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39
Q

Early childhood caries are a

A

form of caries found in young children.

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40
Q

Common cause of ECC are

A

use of nursing bottle (with milk or sweetened beverage) when going to sleep

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41
Q

Predisposing factors of ECC

A

bottle that contains sweetened ilk or other sweetened liquid.
Pacifier dipped or filled w/ sweet agent (honey.)
Prolonged breast feeding

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42
Q

Hygienist must

A

educate parents about cause and effects of early childhood caries

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43
Q

Microbiology of ECC

A

high levels of Mutans streptococci and Lactobcailli

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44
Q

Teeth first effected by ECC

A

Maxillary anterior teeth and primary molars.

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45
Q

w/ ECC while baby sleeps

A

sweet liquid pools around the teeth, the nipple covers the mandibular anterior teeth so they are rarely affected

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46
Q

Children need to be seen for exam no longer than

A

6 months after eruption of first tooth

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47
Q

If there is a problem with a childs teeth

A

it can be detected early and preventative procedures can be taught to the parent.
At later stages dark brown lesions could occur and crowns of teeth could be destroyed, and child could even develop an abscess.

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48
Q

Root caries

A

a soft progressive lesion of cementum and dentin

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49
Q

Other names for root caries

A

cemental caries, cervical caries and radicular lines

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50
Q

root caries are common in

A

older population

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51
Q

Steps in formation of root decay

A
  • Gingival recession exposes the cementum
  • Caries start near the CEJ. Cementum is thin and soon destroyed; dentin is invaded.
  • enamel not involded unless by extension. Root caries occur in a mildly acidic environment.
  • Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are primary organisms involved.
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52
Q

Root caries has been shown to be directly related to

A

Fluoride concentration in drinking water

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53
Q

Clinical recognition of root caries

A

soft, shallow ill-defined lesion.

Increases laterally to coalesce with other small lesions and eventually extend around the tooth.

54
Q

Color of root caries

A

yellowish, light brown, dark brown to black

55
Q

texture of root caries

A

leathery in texture when explored

56
Q

Arrested root caries

A

appear dark but are hard to touch with explorer

57
Q

Noncarious dental lesions

A 
Enamel hypoplasia. 
Attrition.
Erosion.
Abrasion. 
Fractures of teeth
58
Q

Enamel hypoplasia

A

defect that occurs as result of a disturbance in the formation of the organic enamel matrix

59
Q

Hereditary enamel hypoplasia

A

Ameliogenesis imperfecta. -Enamel is partially or wholly missing.

60
Q

Enamel hypoplasia can be

A

hereditary or systemic

61
Q

Systemic enamel hypoplasia

A

Environmental

62
Q

Factors that may contribute to enamel hypoplasia during tooth development include

A 
Severe nutritional deficiency. 
Fever producing diseases (measles, chickenpox, and scarlet fever.)
Congenital syphilis. 
Hypoparathyroidism. 
Birth injury. 
Prematurity
Rh hemolytic disease
Fluorosis.
63
Q

enamel hypoplasia can affect

A

single tooth or multiple teeth.

64
Q

Trauma or periapical inflammation of primary tooth can cause

A

injury to the developing permanent tooth.

65
Q

hereditary enamel hypoplasia may appear

A

brown in color

66
Q

Systemic hypoplasia

A

Single narrow zone (smooth and pitted)

Multiple- occurred over a period of time

67
Q

Local enamel hypoplasia

A

single tooth with a yellow or brown intrinsic stain

68
Q

Attrition

A

wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth to tooth contact

69
Q

attrition may be found

A

on occlusal, incisal and proximal surfaces.

70
Q

Attrition increases

A

with age (but not because of age) as bruxism continues over time.

71
Q

More attrition occurs in

A

Men than women

72
Q

Bruxism

A

Predisposing factors may be psychological, tension, or occlusal interferences.

73
Q

Predisposing factors for attrition may be

A

coarse foods, chewing tobacco, or abrasive dusts associated with certain occupations.

74
Q

Initial lesion of attrition

A

small polished facet on cusp tip or ridge, or slightly flattened incisal edge.

75
Q

Advanced attrition

A

Gradual reduction in cusp height; flattening of occlusal plane

76
Q

Staining of exposed dentin (attrition)

A

Discoloration may occur; stains are usually brown.

77
Q

attrition on radiograph

A

pulp chamber and canals may be narrowed and st obliterated

78
Q

Erosion

A

Loss of tooth substance by a chemical process that does not involve bacterial action

79
Q

Location of erosion

A

Facial or lingual surfaces depending on cause.

80
Q

Etiology

A

Lesion is caused by some form of chemical dissolution

81
Q

Erosion causes

A 
May be idiopathic. 
Chronic vomiting- Acid of chronic vomiting affects lingual surfaces particularly anterior teeth. 
Pregnancy.
Eating disorders. 
Chemo therapy.
82
Q

Extrinsic factors of erosion

A

Industrial- workers teeth exposed to atmospheric acids.
Dietary- facial surfaces mostly affected.
Carbonated beverages.
Lemons or other citrus fruit.

83
Q

Appearance of erosion

A

Smooth, shallow, hard and shiny.

Shape varies from shallow saucer-like depressions to deep wedge-shaped grooves.

84
Q

Erosion may progress to involve

A

Dentin

85
Q

erosion may occur in combination with

A

calculus, caries or restorations.

86
Q

Abrasion

A

Mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication

87
Q

Abrasion occurs at

A

Exposed root surfaces.

incisal edge.

88
Q

Etiology of abrasion

A

originates from mechanical abrasive activity.

common cause is abrasive dentifrice applied w/ horizontal toothbrushing.

89
Q

Appearance of abrasion

A

V or wedge shaped with hard smooth, shiny surfaces.

90
Q

Fractures of teeth

A

Abfractures.

91
Q

Causes of tooth fractures

A

Automobile, bicycle and driving accidents.
Contact sports when mouth guards are not worn.
Blows incurred while fighting.
Falls.

92
Q

Line of tooth fracture

A

Horizontal
Diagonal
Vertical

93
Q

Tooth fractures on radiographs

A

Widened perio ligament space.
Radiolucent fracture line.
Radiopaque area where fracture overlaps.
Tooth displacement

94
Q

Preparation to recognize various lesions

A

Dry each tooth with air.

Carefully inspect each surface, both visually and gently with explorer

95
Q

Visual examination of enamel caries

A

Changes in color and translucency of tooth surface.

Changes are either definite signs of decay or may lead to suspicious caries.

96
Q

Variations in color and translucency of enamel caries

A
  • Chalky white areas of demineralization.
  • grayish white discoloration or marginal ridges.
  • grayish white spreading from margins of restorations.
  • open lesions may vary from yellowish brown to dark brown.
  • dull, flat opaque areas under direct light show loss of translucency.
  • dark shadow on a proximal surface may be shown by transillumination.
97
Q

Around amalgam restorations enamel caries may appear

A

Translucent in outer portions and white or opaque adjacent to the amalgam.

98
Q

With enamel caries discoloration is generally less severe when

A

Dental caries progress rapidly

99
Q

Technique for exploring smooth surfaces during exploratory exam

A

Adapt side of explorer closely to the tooth surface. Examine for roughness Vs. smoothness and continuity of tooth surface Vs. breaks in continuity

100
Q

Exploring restorations surging exploratory exam.

A

Follow margins of all restorations around with explorer. Overhangs may or may not show on radiographs. Chart all irregularities of existing restorations.

101
Q

Radiographs used for

A

Supplemental confirmation

102
Q

Clinical and radio graphic exam must be

A

Completely together. Neither is complete without the other.

103
Q

For coronal caries during radiographic exam

A

Use horizontal BW’s

104
Q

For root caries during radiographic exam

A

Use vertical BW’s.

105
Q

Vertical BW radiographs are needed to

A

Evaluate periodontal bone level

106
Q

Panoramic, extraoral or occlusal radiographs are needed

A

For detecting or defining anomalies and pathological lesions outside the scope of periapical radiographs

107
Q

Any tooth being suspected of being non vital needs to be

A

Tested for pulpal vitality

108
Q

Two different types of pulp testing

A

Thermal and electric

109
Q

Causes of loss of vitality

A

May be from bacterial causes from caries or perio disease.
Physical causes may be from mechanical or thermal injuries. Examples are from trauma, such as a blow, or dental procedures such as cavity prep or too rapid movement of ortho appliances.

110
Q

Observations that suggest loss of vitality (clinical)

A

Discoloration of tooth.
Fracture.
Large various lesion or large restoration.
Fistula with opening into the oral cavity, over the apex of tooth.

111
Q

Observations that suggest loss of vitality. (Radiographs)

A

Apical radiolucency.
Boneloss with widened PDL space extending to apex.
Fractured root.
Late various lesion or restoration that is close to pulp chamber.

112
Q

Pulp testing is based on

A

Knowledge that a stimulus can create pain that a pt can respond to. The pulp tester determines the conduction of stimuli to the sensory receptors.

113
Q

Vitality of the pulp depends on

A

The blood supply and not the nerve supply. For that reason the pulp test may not always show true condition of the pulp

114
Q

Factors that influence a pts response to pulp test

A 
Degree of pulpal degeneration or inflammation. 
Pain threshold.
Reaction to pain. 
Nerve transmission blocks. 
Adjacent metal.
115
Q

Responses to pulp test.

A
  • No response: necrotic pulp
  • Lingering pain after removing stimulus: irreversible pulpitis.
  • pain subsides fast: reversible pulpitis
116
Q

Thermal pulp testing

A
  • cold test: may use cold drink, air blast, ice stick, ethyl chloride or cotton swab.
  • heat test: warm temporary stopping. Warm to hot water.
117
Q

Electrical pulp tester types.

A
  • battery operated: portable, but can run down.

- plug in: more dependable.

118
Q

Before performing pulp test you should

A

Review pts health history and consult with pts cardiologist prior to application if they have existing problems

119
Q

Use precaution during pulp test with

A

Patients with a pacemaker or any electronic life-support. (Also precautions for cavitron, electrosurg., desensitizing equipment.)

120
Q

Ameliogenesis imperfecta

A

Disorder of production and development of enamel

121
Q

Avulsion

A

The tearing away or forcible separation of a structure or part. Tooth avulsion is the traumatic separation of tooth from alveolus

122
Q

Bruxism

A

An oral habit of grinding, clenching or clamping the teeth; involuntary, rhythmic or spasmodic movements outside of chewing range; may damage teeth and attachment apparatus

123
Q

Arrested caries

A

Various lesion that has become stationary and does not show a tendency to progress further, frequently has a hard surface and takes on a dark-brown or reddish color

124
Q

Primary caries

A

Occurs on a surface not previously affected; also called initial caries; early lesion referred to as incipient caries

125
Q

Rampant caries

A

Widespread formation of chalky white areas and incipient lesions that may increase in size over a comparatively short amount of time

126
Q

Recurrent caries

A

Occurs on a surface adjacent to a restoration; may be a continuation of the original lesion; also called secondary caries

127
Q

Succedaneous

A

The permanent teeth that erupt into the positions of exfoliated primary teeth

128
Q

Etiology

A

The science or study of the cause of a disease or disorder

129
Q

Enamel hypoplasia

A

Incomplete or defective formation of the enamel of either the primary or permanent teeth. The result may be an irregularity of tooth form color or surface

130
Q

Idiopathic

A

Denoting a condition of unknown cause

Dental Anatomy (3 decks)

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