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Block D - Digestion and Metabolism > Dentistry -- Dental Caries > Flashcards

Dentistry -- Dental Caries Flashcards

1
Q

Correlation of poor oral health to 3 diseases

A

Higher incidence of:

  • Diabetes
  • CVD
  • Pneumonia
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2
Q

What kind of disease do oral diseases share risk factors with?

A

Chronic diseases and conditions such as:

  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
  • Stroke
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
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3
Q

Prevalence of caries disease in Canada

A
  • Canadian children and adolescents = ~60%
  • Adults = 96%
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4
Q

The most common chronic disease of childhood

A

Dental caries (five times more prevalent than asthma)

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5
Q

Which groups of people have the highest rate of dental caries?

A

Children from disadvantaged communities and ethnic minorities

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6
Q

The single greatest risk factor of caries

A

Poverty

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7
Q

Define dental caries

A

A multifactorial, ubiquitous, life-long disease process, which is initiated into the tooth biofilm and leads to the formation of localized chemical dissolution of the tooth surface – caries lesion

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8
Q

Consequence of not producing enough saliva (xerostomia)

A

Increased risk for dental caries

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9
Q

What kinds of people most commonly experience xerostomia (dry mouth)

A

People who take mulitple medications (i.e. elderly, radiotherapy patients for oral cancer)

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10
Q

Effect of topical fluoride

A

Like a topical medication on the skin, applied to the teeth, it will slow down and stop the caries process

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11
Q

What part of one’s diet puts them at risk for dental caries

A

Refined carbohydrates

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12
Q

3 characteristics of dental plaque (tooth biofilm)

A
  • A community of microorganisms with a collective physiology that is organized as a structure
  • Forms by the growth of resident oral micro-flora
  • Always metabolically active
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13
Q

How do bacteria form dental caries?

A

Bacteria metabolise fermentable sugars and produce acid into the dental plaque and the bacteria bury themselves a “hole” in your tooth for protection

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14
Q

Bacteria type mostly responsible for dental caries

A

Streptococcus mutans

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15
Q

pH that leads to tooth decay

A

pH ~5 and lower

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16
Q

Explain the state of acidity in the mouth

A

There are pH flutuations in dental plaque over time with a mineral loss and gain in enamel over time as well, so the formation of a caries lesion depends on if there is a net loss and net over-acidity in the mouth

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17
Q

3 Pathological factors in the caries disease process

A
  • Acid producing bacteria
  • Fermentable carbohydrates
  • Insufficient saliva flow
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18
Q

2 protective factors in the caries disease process

A
  • Fluoride
  • Saliva flow and buffering capacity
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19
Q

Describe the general caries disease process

A

NOTE: Dental caries ARE NOT the “cavity” in the tooth

20
Q

2 components of diagnosing caries disease and their sub-components

A
21
Q

3 components of planning the treatment for dental caries

A
  • Caries risk reduction
  • Active lesions treatment
  • Review (recall) and monitoring
22
Q

What is the problem with the caries lesion cavitating through the enamel to the dentin?

A

Direct connection with blood and nerve in the pulp and faster progression of decay

23
Q

4 stages of caries lesions

A
24
Q

4 clinical indicators of carious lesions

A
  • Lesion colour
  • Lesion location/presence of dental plaque
  • Lesion shape
  • Tooth surface integrity
25
Q

3 different colors of caries lesions

A
  • White opaque
  • Yellow/brownish
  • Dark brown/black
26
Q

Define a white spot lesion

A

The initial caries lesion characterized by mineral loss at the tooth surface and modification of enamel translucency

27
Q

Describe the appearance of white spot lesions

A
  • Loss of luster
  • Matte
  • Porous
  • Often seen on anterior teeth of kids and adolescents, covered in plaque
28
Q

What does it mean when a white spot lesion is farther from the gingival line?

A
  • Arrested lesion = no longer active
  • Occurred during tooth emergence
29
Q

Why are some caries lesions yellow or brownish?

A
  • Color due to dietary pigments (enamel lesion)
  • Dentin lesion is naturally darker since dentin is darker than enamel (bottom pic)
30
Q

Why are some caries lesions dark brown/black

A

Lesions that are likely arrested (less worrisome, no need for treatment; like a scar)

31
Q

Define extrinsic staining

A

Stains throughout the mouth, but not necessarily on plaque stagnation surfaces (not caries)

32
Q

7 plaque stagnation areas

A
  • Along gingiva
  • Under contact point
  • Occlusal/buccal/lingual pits or fissures
  • Roots (mostly in elderly people)
  • Associated with partial dentures
  • Along restorations (if not flush to tooth)
  • Cavitated carious lesions
33
Q

4 characteristics of active caries lesions

A
  • On plaque stagnation areas
  • Rough/soft (i.e.dentin) on gentle probing
  • Loss of lustre
  • Color = whitish/yellowish
34
Q

5 characteristics of arrested caries lesions

A
  • No dental plaque
  • Located on some distance from gingiva
  • Tecture = smooth/hard
  • Lucter = shiny
  • Color = brown/dark brown/ whitish
35
Q

Define early childhood caries

A

The presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries) or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child under the age of six

36
Q

How common are early childhood caries?

A
  • Most prevalent pediatric infectious disease
  • The most common chronic disease of children
37
Q

Prevalence of ECC in aboriginal children in Canada

A

66% to 98% have severe forms of ECC

38
Q

3 biological risk factors for ECC

A
  • Transmission of infectious bacteria from moth/caregiver to child
  • Diet (exposure to fermentable carbohydrates)
  • Susceptible tooth (newly erupted teeth, low level of fluoride, hypoplasia)
39
Q

6 influences for the development of ECC

A
  • Poverty (single greatest risk factor)
  • Household crowding
  • Family size
  • Health behaviors
  • Health parenting practices
  • Parent’s oral health status
40
Q

2 risky health parenting practices for the development of ECC

A
  • Proonged use of the bottle or taining cups with sugar-containing drinks
  • High frequency of sugary snacks per day
41
Q

5 policies on the prevention of ECC

A
  • Improving the oral health of parents in order to decrease the transmission of cariogenic bacteria to the child
  • Minimizing saliva-sharing activites (i.e. sharing utensils) to decrease transmission
  • Implementing oral hygiene measures no later then the time of eruption of the first primary tooth
  • Tooth brushing should be performed for children by a parent twice daily, using a soft toothbrush of age-appropriate size
  • Visiting a dentist no later than 12 months of age
42
Q

How to apply toothpaste for a cihld under 2 years

A

Smear

43
Q

How to apply toothpaste for a child over 2 years old

A

Pea-sized

44
Q

4 diet-specific policies on the prevention of ECC

A
  • Avoid high freq. consumption of liquids and/or solid food containing sugar. In particular, sugar-containing beverages in a baby bottle or no-spill training cup should be avoided (i.e. juices, soft drinks, milk)
  • Infants should not be put to sleep with a bottle filled with milk or liquids containing sugar
  • On demand breast-feeding should be avoided after the first primary tooth begins to erupt and other dietary carbohydrates are introduced
  • Parents should be encourages to have infants drink from a cup as they approach their first birthday and cut the use of a bottle
45
Q

6 risky states of your patients that you should be aware of

A
  • Detection of caries lesions
  • Readily visible plaque
  • Patient is eating between-meal snacks (including juices and soft drinks)
  • Patient is not using fluoride toothpaste twice a day
  • Patient is not likely to visit the dentist
  • Patient is pregnant (more for parenting advice)

Block D - Digestion and Metabolism (29 decks)

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