Deontology

Question 1

is the central figure in modern philosophy.

Answer 1

Immanuel Kant

Question 2

He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth-century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields.

Answer 2

Immanuel Kant

Question 3

He argues that human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality.

Answer 3

Immanuel Kant

Question 4

Kant’s philosophy is also known as

Answer 4

Deontological Ethics

Question 5

“a theory that suggests actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules”

Answer 5

Deontological Ethics

Question 6

Deontology comes from the Greek word “_,” meaning _.

Answer 6

deon
duty

Question 7

Deontological Ethics

Actions that follow these rules are ethical, while actions that do not, are _.” Moral life is living with rules, doing the duties, and exercising the rationality of man.

Answer 7

not

Question 8

Kant’s aim was to _ and that for him is the _.

Answer 8

find the highest moral law / highest principle

Categorical Imperative

Question 9

The _ is an unconditional commandment.

Answer 9

Categorical Imperative

Question 10

The highest law that is not based on any other law but grounds the other laws.

Answer 10

Categorical Imperative

Question 11

There is, therefore, only one categorical imperative. It is, _

Answer 11

Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Question 12

Kant formulates the Categorical Imperative in 3 ways:

Answer 12

1. Universalizability
2. Humanity
3. Autonomy

Question 13

Kant formulates the Categorical Imperative in 3 ways:

1. Universalizability

Answer 13

“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”

Question 14

Kant formulates the Categorical Imperative in 3 ways:

2. Humanity

Answer 14

“Act so that you treat humanity both in your own person and in the person of any other human beings, never merely as a means, but always at the same time end.”

Question 15

Kant formulates the Categorical Imperative in 3 ways:

3. Autonomy

Answer 15

“Act as if you were through your maxim a law-making member of a kingdom of ends.”

Question 16

Universalizability

The universal or moral law can be explained in a way that it can be universal _

Answer 16

if each and every one of us bows to follow the rule equally.

Question 17

Thus, the actions that can be considered right or wrong are the same for each and every one of us.

Answer 17

Universalizability

Question 18

Humanity

You should take into consideration the _ and should _. To have said this, apparently, respect for others is but a necessity so as not to use others as a means

Answer 18

life of individual human beings as equally important to your life

not be used as a means

Question 19

Autonomy

Since you are bound to treat human beings as an end, then you should bring it to the level of society. In this manner, _. This maxim fundamentally establishes that our reasons can be universalized, thus the ultimate goal of Kant’s Categorical Imperative.

Answer 19

everyone is treated as an end, and morality is not only taken individually but as a foundation of society as a whole

Question 20

For _, Ethics is based on _, and duty in turn is based on understanding by purely rational means that which is the moral law.
You understand it is your moral duty to act in line with the moral law for the sake of that law and your intention to follow the law is for purely rational reasons with no room for emotional (inclination, moral sentiment) or utilitarian/pragmatic considerations.

Answer 20

Kant
Duty

Question 21

Morality has nothing to do with being _.

Ergo for Kant to be morally right is to understand rationally your duty and act out what your duty is.

Answer 21

kind or nice

Question 22

As its name suggests, its argument revolves around the principle of utility as the standard of right actions in relation to the individual and his society. Fundamentally, these school grounds all act to the sensations of _ and _.

Answer 22

Utilitarianism

pain
pleasure

Question 23

the property of objects that produces more pleasure than pain

Answer 23

utility

Question 24

The rightness/wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences.

Answer 24

Consequentialism

Question 25

Utilitarianism

Unlike that of Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics), morality is based on the production of _; thus, it classifies as _ in nature.

Answer 25

utility
consequential

Question 26

Utilitarianism

Since its aim is to provide _.

Answer 26

a criterion to determine right from wrong actions, therefore, more practical, is normative ethics.

Question 27

Utilitarianism

Happiness in this tradition is translated to _, unlike that of Aristotle’s eudaimonia.

Answer 27

pleasure

Question 28

Utilitarianism

Suffice to say, its concept of a moral and ethical course of action depends on the _. Its simplicity and its confirmation of _ as the desire of the human being made it attractive to many.

Answer 28

consequences of utility

pleasure over pain

Question 29

jurist and political reformer is the philosopher whose name is most closely associated with the foundational era of the modern utilitarian tradition.

Answer 29

Jeremy Bentham

Question 30

Earlier _ had enunciated several of the core ideas and characteristic terminology of utilitarian philosophy.

Answer 30

moralists

Question 31

Influenced by _, Bentham developed his own theory of Utilitarianism with the principle of _.

Answer 31

proto-utilitarian

utility as the central point of the argument

Question 32

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

The aim is to _. But for this to be possible, a _ is used as a method.

Answer 32

fix the social standard of society by providing criteria to evaluate good or bad laws, norms, or social practices

normative ethical theory

Question 33

Bentham, in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, begins with this paragraph:

Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, _. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand, the standard of right and wrong; on the other, the chain of causes and effects is fastened to their throne. They govern us in _: every effort we can make to throw off our subjection will serve but to demonstrate and confirm it. In words, a man may pretend to abjure their empire: but in reality, he will remain subject to it all the while. The principle of utility recognizes this subjection and assumes it for the foundation of that system, the object of which is to rear the fabric of felicity by the hands of Reason and of law (Bentham 2000).

Answer 33

pain and pleasure

all we do, in all we say, in all we think

Question 34

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

It tells us the core of his argument, the principle of utility or utility is tied to the two sovereign masters, _ and _, to which man cannot get over since he is subjected to it by nature. Hence, a man by nature desires _ and avoids _.

Answer 34

pain and pleasure

Question 35

This idea of Bentham is influenced by _ account of human nature in the manner that _. It is by inherent instinct that man _.

Answer 35

Thomas Hobbes’

we are seeking what benefits us for the best living

pursues acts that enhance gratification and resists those that cause dissatisfaction

Question 36

Thus, _ refers to the value of things that generates more pleasure than pain. Following Hume, _ is the criterion of virtue; what to do and what not to do depends on whether such action produces more pleasure than pain or much better if only pleasure is produced.

Answer 36

utility

Question 37

The danger of this argument opens morality for bargaining. The relativity of morality makes it dubious and uncertain since it will _ to a certain group of people for a certain time.

Answer 37

depend on the production of pleasure over pain

Thus, if society deems it necessary to kill individuals for the sake of the interest of the many, then it is morally justified. However, it may not be the case in other societies, nor may it be the same society in a different timeframe since morality changes.

Question 38

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

Basic human rights, then, are not based on a universal principle but
on the _ that is produced. Suppose society thinks that it is necessary to deprive an innocent individual of his right to life, liberty, or property for the sake of the many. In that case, it is morally and ethically justifiable using the set forth concept of Bentham.

Answer 38

pleasure

Question 39

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

To determine whether actions are right or wrong, Bentham provides us with his _ as a formula to compute the amount of pleasure and pain produced, the factors that determine the outcome of the formulas are called _ (Bentham 2000).

Answer 39

felicific calculus

circumstances

Question 40

Factors/Variables in Felicific Calculus:

Answer 40

1. Intensity – the strength of pleasure or pain.
2. Duration – how long such pleasure or pain lasts.
3. Certainty or uncertainty – the probability of the pleasure or pain produced by the action.
4. Propinquity or remoteness – the closeness of pleasure or pain produced by the action.
5. Fecundity – the probability of pleasure or pain followed by the same kind, i.e., pleasure is followed by pleasure or pain followed by pain.
6. Purity – the probability that pleasure or pain will be followed by its opposite kind, i.e., pleasure followed by pain or pain followed by pleasure.
7. Extent – the number of individuals to whom it extends.

Question 41

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

What Bentham presented in his felicific calculus only accounts for different conditions of pain and pleasure but not for the _ . He even maintained that pleasure has only _.

Answer 41

quality of such sensation

quantitative and no qualitative differences

Question 42

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

To ask which produces more pleasure between sleeping or eating, no answer can be yielded using Bentham’s method. This implies that the _ - no divergence between the production of pleasure over pain. Hence, _.

Answer 42

pleasure and pain that animals and human beings feel are of no difference

dehumanizes the morality of human actions as being no different from animals

Question 43

The most influential English language philosopher of the nineteenth century.

Answer 43

John Stuart Mill

Question 44

He was a naturalist, a utilitarian, and a liberal, whose work explores the consequences of a thoroughgoing empiricist outlook.

In doing so, he sought to combine the best of eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinking with newly emerging currents of nineteenth-century Romantic and historical philosophy.

Answer 44

John Stuart Mill

Question 45

_ holds that there is _ difference in pleasures. This opens him to criticisms, especially concerning the _.

Answer 45

Bentham

no qualitative

degradation of the morality of human beings as same as that of sentient animals

Question 46

John Stuart Mill fixed this problem. _ distinguishes _ from _ which correspond to their respective faculties. These faculties refer to the functioning of human beings and/or animals. Mill tells us that _

Answer 46

Mill

higher from lower pleasures

there are certain pleasures that are more appropriate than others; this accounts for intellectual pleasures.

Question 47

Pleasures must be categorized and specified into two kinds based on where they correspond: _.

Answer 47

lower and higher faculties

Question 48

Mill’s Utilitarianism

refers to the experiences gained from the senses that man shares with the animals.

Answer 48

Lower faculty

Question 49

Mill’s Utilitarianism

refers to the pleasure gained from the rational capacity of the human being, which is only exclusive to him.

Answer 49

Higher faculty

Question 50

It is _; _. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides (Mill 2003).

Answer 50

better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied

better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied

Question 51

What distinguishes _ from _ is that the latter’s ethics is grounded on _. The Good is something that promotes happiness or pleasure. As such, Bentham’s Utilitarianism is closely associated with _. On the other hand, _ emphasizes the human person’s _. In other words, ethical judgments should not be divorced from man’s rational nature. Man is endowed with the gift of Reason, and as such, he/she should act in accordance with his/her nature. Consequently, _.

Answer 51

Mill
Bentham’s Utilitarianism
pleasure alone

hedonism

Mill’s utilitarian ethics
rational capacity to make moral choices

man should desire or prioritize higher-order pleasures over and above bodily, sensual pleasures

Question 52

Through the Categorical Imperative, you will realize that being ethical is not _; rather, there is always an apparent imperative in the moral command (Kant, 2002).

Answer 52

theoretical

Question 53

There is an apparent contradiction of Immanuel Kant’s Deontological Ethics to John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham’s idea that human nature is selfish and requires an objective calculus for ethical action to result. Kant, however, proposed that man should act out of his _ and not by the consequences of his actions. _ is done by following one’s duty and Obligation. Duty and Obligation are actualized in Kant’s Categorical Imperative: “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” (Schneewind 2010).

Answer 53

goodwill

Question 54

Kant’s Deontological Ethics reiterated the idea of duty and Obligation that _. In so doing, goodwill is attained in such a way that you should act based on your duty patterned in Reason.

For example, you have a duty as a student to submit your class requirements on time. Thus you are bound to follow this duty, in turn, will give you the freedom to do other things in the future (Schneewind, 2010).

Answer 54

one should act according to his duty and responsibility

Question 55

defined as “rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them” (Zalta, 2016)

Answer 55

Legal Rights

Question 56

defined as a right that belongs to any moral entity that experiences freedom and rationality and is sentient.

Answer 56

Moral Right

Question 57

The mentioned attributes are basically predicated on human beings. Thus, _ pertains only to human beings (Gallenero et al., 2018).

Answer 57

moral right

Question 58

The fight for the rights of a human being is twofold.

Answer 58

First, you should consider your legal rights, e.g., right to life, right to vote, right to free speech, and so forth.

Second, your moral right is very encompassing but sometimes experiences an overlapped with the legal rights.

Question 59

In _, you usually hear that your rights stop when you step on somebody else’s rights. This is true; however, this is usually realized in the legal parlance where proper court proceedings are done, e.g., in a lawsuit.

Consequently, when the _, or let us say the fundamental rights you have, are being stepped upon by somebody else’s legal rights, conflict ultimately arises.

Answer 59

legal rights

moral rights

Question 60

The right to self-defense is constitutional. In the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines Book 1 Chapter II, Article. 11 states that:

Answer 60

CHAPTER TWO Justifying Circumstances and Circumstances which Exempt from Criminal Liability ARTICLE 11. Justifying Circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal liability:
1. Anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights provided that the following circumstances concur:
First. Unlawful aggression;
Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it;
Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.

2. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of his spouse, ascendants, descendants, or legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or of his relatives by affinity in the same degrees, and those by consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the first and second requisites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance are present, and the further requisite, in case the provocation was given by the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part therein.
3. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger, provided that the first and second requisites mentioned in the first circumstance of this article are present and that the person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or another evil motive.
4. Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an act which causes damage to another, provided that the following requisites are present:
   First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;
   Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it; Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
5. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office.
6. Any person who acts in obedience to an order issued by a superior for some lawful purpose (Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 1930).

Question 61

_, a consequentialist framework of normative ethics.

Answer 61

Utilitarianism

Question 62

Bentham’s Felicific Calculus

To use this formula, you must compute the intensity, duration, certainty, or uncertainty and the propinquity or remoteness of pleasure from one side and pain on the other. Aside from that, the fecundity and purity of the pleasure or pain are considered – whether the action produces more pleasure in the long run or it will be followed by pain. After determining this in one individual, the process must be repeated for every individual involved, thus, its extent. The _ refer to measuring the pain or pleasure produced in itself (if it is a sensation that is pleasurable or painful), while fecundity and purity are calculated to estimate the probabilities of the pain and pleasure produced by an act. Lastly, the extent is accounted for when there are several others who will be affected by the act.

Answer 62

first four circumstances

Question 63

The simplicity of _ relies on the sensations felt by man, thus, more tangible compared to what Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics) proposes. However, critics of this tradition counterargued that all forms of enjoyment are the same, despite their conditions.

Answer 63

Bentham’s Utilitarianism

Question 64

Thus, a human being enjoying the arts/sciences is of higher pleasure compared to an animal eating and sleeping despite the man being unable to eat and sleep well. This sets Mill having a different approach from Bentham. His proposal suggests that _ and _. This suggests the pursuit of the fulfillment of human faculties than mere pleasure gained through sensations. Perhaps to summarize the qualitative concept of Mill on pleasure:

Answer 64

pleasures must be evaluated based on their quality and not by their quantity