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Ethics Finals > St. Thomas: Natural Law > Flashcards

St. Thomas: Natural Law Flashcards

1
Q

Happiness as constitutive of _ and _.

A

moral and cardinal virtues

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2
Q

It is seen from the seminal works of St. Thomas Aquinas how he mirrors _.

A

Aristotle’s idea

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3
Q

Aristotle and St. Thomas both agree that

A

man is inherently good and is a rational being. Virtue leads to happiness and the absence of it leads to unhappiness.

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4
Q

The Four Cardinal Virtues

A

Prudence
Justice
Temperance
Fortitude

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5
Q

ability to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time

A

Prudence

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6
Q

the perpetual and constant will of rendering to each one his right

A

Justice

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7
Q

practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation

A

Temperance

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8
Q

forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear, uncertainty and intimidation

A

Fortitude

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9
Q

_ believed that the morality of happiness should find a nexus between one’s actions of doing Good.

A

St. Thomas

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10
Q

Thus, the four cardinal virtues: Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude when becoming a habit to man, aids man in seeking _.

A

happiness

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11
Q

The interconnectedness of these cardinal virtues enables you to reach the highest Good that is not of this world but ultimately in _.

A

union with God

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12
Q

Ancient Philosopher:

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

Medieval philosopher and Doctor of the church:

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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14
Q

For Aristotle, the highest Good is _ .
And that “ _ “ . (Aristotle, 1999)

A

happiness
“happiness is final and self-sufficient; it is desirable in itself and only for itself”

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15
Q

The cultivation of the intellect is _.
- Aristotle

A

man’s highest good and purest happiness

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16
Q

For Aristotle:

_ is considered the ultimate goal of a good man, which can be equated to having a good life. In other words, in this world, you can attain _.

A

happiness or eudaimonia

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17
Q

For St. Thomas:

“Happiness is the _”.

A

perfect good which brings all of our desires to rest”.

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18
Q

_ is the chief good. St. Thomas believed that everything we do, we do it for the sake of the _.

A

Perfect happiness
good

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19
Q

There is a connection between _ with moral and cardinal virtues.

A

happiness

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20
Q

Aristotle’s idea of happiness:

A

that of this world through being virtuous man, ultimately leads you to a good life or eudaimonia.

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21
Q

For St. Thomas, the _ should be a union with the supreme creator through the practice of the cardinal virtues, in turn, subscribing to morality resulting in eternal happiness.

A

ultimate happiness

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22
Q

Aristotle to a certain degree, trains the human being in preparation for St. Thomas’ _.

A

eternal happiness

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23
Q

Heaven is often defined as _, but still, you would wish to believe that heaven is _.

A

a state of mind rather than a place

an abode for you to stay in when you die

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24
Q

St. Therese of Lisieux:
“_” (Therese, 1975)

A

“Upon my death, I will let fall a shower of roses; I wish to spend my heaven in doing good upon the earth”

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25
Q

If heaven is true, by considering _ concept of a virtuous man, you are spending heaven here on earth by doing good things leading to happiness. And eventually, to experience a not of this world happiness, you should subscribe to _ idea of eternal happiness.

A

Aristotle’s

St. Thomas’

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26
Q

Thomas Aquinas was born in _ at _ in _.

A

1225 at Rocasseca in Italy

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27
Q

He is a philosopher and theologian.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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28
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas:

The huge attempt in his academic and religious life was to combine the theological principles of _ with the philosophical principles of _.

A

faith
reason

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29
Q

He was one of the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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30
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas:

His seminal works are characterized critiques of the scriptures and the works of _.

A

Aristotle

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31
Q

The idea of _ can be traced back to _,
where it was defined as a true law as right reason in agreement with nature.

A

natural law
Cicero

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32
Q

St. Thomas has not left the predominant definition of _, which includes the nature of man as being rational.

A

natural law

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33
Q

A man possessing _, _, and _, makes a natural law inherent to him.

A

virtues, good values, and goodwill

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34
Q

For Aquinas:

Law is not about commandments and obligations primarily but is about a _ or _ of order by which things are directed to their ends.

A

rational or reasonable principle

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35
Q

_ is a teacher, a rule and measure of human acts.

A

Law

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36
Q

The _ guides us in our actions to make sure they’re upright and ordered to the common good and it gives us a way to judge our actions.

A

law

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37
Q

“Law is an _ for the _ from him who has care of the community, which is promulgated or made known”.

A

ordination of reason
common good

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38
Q

For St. Thomas, the _ is not a command of the will of a superior but is an expression of his reason consisting of a kind of reasoned plan or order of things towards the common good.

A

law

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39
Q

The end that law aims at and serves.

A

Common good

40
Q

The common good is not like _ but like _.

A

pizza
sports
The problem with the pizza is that we might own a pizza in common but a slice of pizza cannot be eaten by two of us at the same time, or cannot be shared at the same time making the pizza a private good.

In the case of victory in a sports team, these are good that can be shared by many, unlike slices of pizza, they are ends that we aim at in our common activity because a sports team aims at winning. When our team wins, you and I share in the victory and neither of us has less because it’s shared. It’s the same victory for each one of us and not the private property of just one person and yet it’s genuinely good for each of them because it’s a common good.

41
Q

An end and can be shared by many without loss or diminishment.

A

Common good

42
Q

Four Types of Laws

A

Eternal Law
Natural Law
Divine Law
Human Law

43
Q

He introduced four (4) types of law.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

44
Q

The 4 types of laws are arranged in a hierarchy where the _ participate in and makes more specific the _

A

lower types of law
higher types

45
Q

The whole plan or creation itself.

A

Eternal Law

46
Q

Rational creatures participation in the Eternal Law.

A

Natural Law

47
Q

Laws revealed through divine revelation in the Old and New Testaments.

A

Divine Law

48
Q

Application of the Natural Law on various levels in particular communities.

A

Human Law

49
Q

Aquinas starts with the highest possible level, _, who not only is the creator of the universe but is also its end, the source of its order and who governs it by his providential plan.

A

God himself

50
Q

This plan of order emerges from God’s divine reason as an idea in God’s mind. And like God himself, this plan is eternal and so Aquinas calls this the _.

A

Eternal Law

51
Q

“_ is basically God Himself.”

A

Eternal Law

52
Q

Eternal Law is the reason _.

A

God governs the whole universe.

53
Q

For Aquinas the Eternal Law is not only in God’s mind but also in the _.

A

things God makes.

54
Q

Means in particular the way rational creatures, human beings, participate in God’s plan that is the Eternal Law.

A

Natural Law

55
Q

Man’s rational participation in Eternal Law.

A

Natural Law

56
Q

Of all animals, only human beings have the faculty of _.

A

reason

57
Q

For example, killing another person is wrong since the _ does not promote killing. This law should be concerned with what the _ proposes.

A

divine law

58
Q

Natural Law: Why human beings?

A

Because we are capable of understanding the world around us, grasping with our minds what is good for us to do and moving ourselves to do it according to this rational desire, which we call our will.

59
Q

Derived from a transcendent source, God in this case.

A

Divine Law

60
Q

This theological explanation of law emanates from a supreme being.

A

Divine Law

61
Q

Manmade and considered the lowest form of law.

A

Human Law

62
Q

Man promulgates this law to uphold a citizen’s civil rights in a particular society (Aquinas, 1911).

A

Human Law

63
Q

Aquinas embraced the definition of the person proposed by the 6th - century Roman philosopher _ who describes the human person as “_”.

A

Boethius

“an individual substance of a rational nature. “

64
Q

Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that the human person is composed of _ and _.

A

a soul and a body

65
Q

Aristotle, later on, highlight the supremacy of the soul in the sense that the soul is _ and _.

A

permanent and incorruptible

66
Q

_ further argued that the soul is capable of existence apart from the body after death.

A

Aquinas

67
Q

Aquinas also shared the idea of Aristotle that human beings share the same _ with the rest of the _.

However, for Aquinas, what distinguishes a human person from other animals is her being _, and this _ is her capacity to make intelligent and informed choice.

A

generic properties
animal kingdom

rational
rationality

68
Q

The human soul can be categorized into two:

A

Appetitive
Cognitive

69
Q

Reason cannot dictate the _ (irrational, vegetative, or will).

A

appetitive element

70
Q

This is the part of man, not in the realm of virtues.

A

Appetitive

71
Q

Arises out of the human person’s desire to satisfy one’s pleasure.

A

Appetitive

72
Q

Human beings’ craving for food, sex, wine, and other pleasurable things fall under the _.

A

appetitive element

73
Q

A person’s action, which is borne out of the _, is usually done out of impulse, which naturally goes against reason.

A

appetitive element

74
Q

The _ of the soul plays an important part for it provides nutrition and nourishment for the body, which provides energy and strength for the physical growth of the body.

A

appetitive element

75
Q

Also known as the rational faculty or the intellect.

A

Cognitive aspect

76
Q

May lead the human person towards excellence or virtue.

A

Cognitive aspect

77
Q

This faculty enables us to know, understand and apprehend the nature of the good.

A

Cognitive aspect

78
Q

Human actions in accordance with our rational faculty are done _, i.e., exercised according to the reasoned account of what a person thinks is _. As such, it can be considered a product of our own _.

A

voluntarily
good
free judgment

79
Q

5 Principle Natural Inclinations

A
  1. The Good
  2. Life
  3. Procreation
  4. Social Life
  5. Knowledge
80
Q

_ is not imposed on us by some external will that commands us from above, it’s rather the very design of our being.

A

Natural Law

81
Q

The first inclination stems from the first precept of natural law “_”.
Because they come from God and are endowed with the faculty of reason, human beings naturally are inclined towards goodness.

A

“do good and avoid evil”

82
Q

Human beings are _ because they can know the good.

A

inherently good

83
Q

We are naturally good and continue to become good persons by simply following our _ .

A

innate human nature

84
Q

The _ is shared with other created beings.

A

second natural inclination - to preserve one’s own being.

85
Q

Aquinas is telling us that preserving human life is in accordance with the _.

A

precepts of natural law

Therefore, it is unethical to kill and unacceptable to take one’s own life since it violates our natural tendency for self-preservation.

86
Q

The _ is one that we share with other animals, which has something to do with the _.

A

third inclination

propagation of species and the care of one’s offspring

87
Q

Animals (including humans) engage in _ when they are “_”. This is also when they are most fertile and will have a higher chance of conceiving.

A

sexual intercourse
“in heat”

88
Q

The _ is that human beings are also _ according to their essence of natural capacity as rational creatures.

A

fourth inclination
inclined to do good

89
Q

By using their intellect, human beings have the capacity to _ .
In turn, man _.

A

know the truth about themselves, other people, society, and God.

helps others and creates a support system.

90
Q

The _ is that human beings have an _.

A

fifth one
obligation to dispel ignorance in order to move closer to the truth

91
Q

Human beings are naturally inclined to _ and are naturally _. They want to _, _, and _.

A

explore
curious

discover new things, produce new knowledge, and contribute to the advancement of human understanding

92
Q

All these human activities lead us closer to _, and eventually will bring us closer to _, who is the source of all _ and _. This inclination to pursue the truth will enable human beings to act in accordance with their _ and lead them towards their _, which is _.

A

the truth
God
knowledge and wisdom
true nature
ultimate end
God

93
Q

The relationship between natural law and the human law:

_ is only moral when it confronts with _.

A

Human Law
Natural Law

94
Q

The relationship between natural law and the human law:

The _ is most clear with respect to certain general and negative precepts like the precepts of the _.

A

Natural Law
Ten Commandments

95
Q

The relationship between natural law and the human law:

Violations like _, _, _, _, and _, and _ are wrong always and everywhere because they are contrary to what the _ teaches us that is good for human beings.

A

theft, murder, lying, adultery, and other sexual sins, and suicide
Natural Law

96
Q

_ thinks that an important part of human lawmakers is to specify and apply the general precepts of the Natural Law in a particular context and for a particular community.

A

Aquinas

97
Q

_ demands that human lawmakers should write laws that order their community towards its _.

A

Natural Law
common good

Ethics Finals (3 decks)

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