Depressive Disorder Flashcards
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
at least 5 in 2 week period and change from previous functioning)
PDD = milder form of depression
- depressed mood - causing significant distress
- anhedonia - lack of pleasure/ sadness
- weight loss/ gain
insomnia/ hypoersomnia - loss of energy
- cant concentrate
- suicidal
- psychomotor agitation
all above and beyond leading to problems in life
Prevalence of MDD
12month prevalence rate of just over 10%
- significant gender difference - women 2x likely
- lifetime prevalence: gender differences not as pronounced
Etiology of MDD
no single factor explains the etiology of MDD
Biological factors contributing to MDD
it is a heterogenous disorder (37% top genetics)
- biochemical: neurotransmitters (receptor sensitivity): norepinephrine, serotinin, dopamine (all 3 linked to depression)
- hormones (dysregulation): HPA axis, cortisol - chronic releases can affect mood
- brain abnormalities - left frontal hemisphere asymmetry
social/ environmental factors to MDD
life stress: a person is exposed to an event that could be stressful but it is their appraisal that dictates their response
- genetic vulnerability is not enough to activate a disorder
Cognitive Theories
(negative thoughts/ beliefs = depression)
Aaron Beck
- hopelessness, especially about the future
- rumination
all have underlying thought patterns… leads to the idea that the way we think affects the way we fele
*Beck’s negative triad
Interactive Model of Depression
draw it now
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
4 phases/ 20 sessions:
- increase activities - elevate mood
- challenging automatic thoughts
- identify negative thinking/ biases
- change primary attitudes/ schemas
cognitive restructuring:
effective and reduced risk of relapse
Antidepressants - biological treatment/ interventions
MAO inhibitors , tricyclics, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors = should be last resort treatments
Electroconvulsive therapy - effective for severe depression/ relapse is common
