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Psych Exam 1 > Depressive disorders > Flashcards

Depressive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

signs of depression

A

Mood changes
Sadness, despair, and pessimism
Loss of interest
Possible changes in appetite, sleep patterns, or cognition

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2
Q

a leading cause of disability in US

A

depression

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3
Q

percentage of US adults with at least one depressive episode (diagnosed)

A

8.4% (21 million)

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4
Q

U.S. adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year

A

6% (14.8 million)

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5
Q

“severe impairment” could look like:

A

loss of function
no ADLs
cannot go to work/school

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6
Q

most prevalent regions with diagnosed clinical depression

A

africa
middle east

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7
Q

epidemiology (patterns) of depression

A

more prevalent in women than men, especially after 65
it is doubled

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8
Q

most prevalent demographics in US

A

-18-25
-white females
-2 or more ethnicities

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9
Q

Inverse relationship between___ and report of depressive symptoms

A

social class

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10
Q

No consistent relationship between __and affective (mood) disorder

A

race

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11
Q

Increased risk in ___ people

A

single and divorced (support)

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12
Q

possible biological theories of depressive disorders

A

Heritability: 40-50%
Deficiency of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
Excessive cholinergic transmission

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13
Q

Diagnosis points for MDD (clinical)

A

Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
Symptoms present for at least 2 weeks
Impaired social and occupational functioning
No history of manic behavior (bipolar)
Not attributed to use of substances or another medical condition

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14
Q

opposite end of spectrum than depression
-bipolar disorder

A

mania

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15
Q

screening tools for depressive disorders

A

PHQ-2
PHQ-9

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16
Q

major depressive order signs lasting at least two weeks

A

Depressed mood
and/or
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities

Also: impairment in functioning

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17
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

5 of the following are diagnostic of depression

A

Depressed mood or irritability
Decreased interest of pleasure in activities
Significant weight change (5%) or appetite changes
Change in sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Change in activity (decreased)
Fatigue or loss of energy
Guilt or worthlessness
Concentration
Suicidality

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18
Q

assessment of MDD (SIGECAPS)

A

Sleep disorder
Interest deficit (anhedonia)
Guilt
Energy deficit
Concentration deficit
Appetite disorder, weight change
Psychomotor retardation or agitation
Suicidality

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19
Q

dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

A

Sad or “down in the dumps”
No evidence of psychotic symptoms
Chronically depressed mood for:
Most of the day
Most days
At least 2 years

20
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

Depressed mood
Anxiety
Mood swings
Decreased interest in activities
Symptoms begin week before menses
Improve within few days after onset of menses
Minimal or absent week after menses

21
Q

consequences of MDD

A

Depression can be deadly
Risk for suicide
Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical consequences
Metabolic changes in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system (emotions)
Structural changes in hippocampus (memory) and prefrontal cortex (decision making)
Diminished neurotrophic support

22
Q

function involved with limbic system

A

emotions

23
Q

function involved with hippocampus

A

memory

24
Q

function involved with prefrontal cortex

A

decision making

25
Q

signs of childhood depression in children <3 yo

A

feeding problems
tantrums
lack of playfulness and emotional expressiveness

26
Q

signs of childhood depression in children 3-5 yo

A

accident prone
phobias
excessive self-reproach

27
Q

signs of childhood depression in children 6-8 yo

A

physical complaints
aggressive behavior
clinging behavior

28
Q

signs of childhood depression in children 9-12 yo

A

morbid thoughts
excessive worrying

29
Q

signs of adolescent depression

A

Anger, aggressiveness
Running away
Delinquency
Social withdrawal
Sexual acting out
Substance abuse
Restlessness, apathy

30
Q

most prevalent age for adolescents to have clinical depression

A

16-17

31
Q

how to differenciate between depression vs expected adolescent behavior

A

Visible manifestation of behavioral change for several weeks

32
Q

Most common precipitant to adolescent suicide

A

Perception of abandonment by parents or peer

33
Q

treatment options for adolescent depression

A

Supportive psychosocial intervention
Antidepressant medication

34
Q

questions to ask teens and children with MDD

A

3 wishes (things to change)
Going to an island and can only take one person, who would it be? (support person)
If you had 1 million dollars
Where do you see yourself in five years? (hopefulness)
Draw a picture

35
Q

significant percentage of suicides among what demographic

A

elderly (85 and older)
especially caucasian males
depression often mistake for neurocognitive disorder

36
Q

treatment for depression in older adults

A

Antidepressants
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosocial therapy

37
Q

Few weeks to several months
Hormonal changes, tryptophan metabolism, cell alterations

A

postpartum depression

38
Q

treatment for postpartum depression

A

antidepressants and psychosocial therapies

39
Q

symptoms of postpartum depression

A

Fatigue, Irritability
Loss of appetite
Sleep disturbances, loss of libido
Concern about inability to care for infant

40
Q

outcomes of success in treatment of depression

A

Experienced no physical harm to self
Discusses feelings with staff and family members
Expresses hopefulness
Sets realistic goals for self
Able to identify aspects of self-control over life situation
Expresses personal satisfaction and support from spiritual practices

41
Q

evaluation questions to ask yourself for evaluation of depression

A

Has self-harm to the client been avoided?
Have suicidal ideations subsided?
Does the client know where to seek assistance outside of the hospital when suicidal thoughts occur?
Has the client discussed the recent loss with the staff and family members?
Is the client able to verbalize positive aspects about self, past accomplishments, and future prospects?
Can the client identify areas of life situation over which he or she has control?

42
Q

treatments for depression

A

Individual psychotherapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
Cognitive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (lowrisk)
Vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation
Light therapy

43
Q

psychopharmacology meds

A

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

44
Q

client/family education for antidepressants

A

-Continue to take medication for 4 weeks
-Do not discontinue medication abruptly
-Report sore throat, fever, malaise, yellow skin, bleeding, bruising, persistent vomiting or headaches, rapid heart rate, seizures, stiff neck and chest pain to physician
-All antidepressants: FDA black-box warning for increased risk of suicidality in children and adolescents

45
Q

client goals and interventions for self-care deficit in depression

A

-increase ADLs
-good nutrition
-involvement in usual activities

46
Q

client goals and interventions for powerlessness

A

-determining what she does and does not have control over

Psych Exam 1 (7 decks)

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