Dermatitis 2

Question 1

What is dermatitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the skin, which can be acute or chronic.

Question 2

What are the main characteristics of acute dermatitis?

Answer 2

Erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, bullae, exudation, fissuring, scaling.

Question 3

What are the main characteristics of chronic dermatitis?

Answer 3

Lichenification, fissures, excoriation, dyspigmentation (hyper/hypopigmentation).

Question 4

What are the main types of eczema?

Answer 4

Atopic, seborrheic, contact (irritant/allergic), discoid, gravitational, pompholyx, photoallergic.

Question 5

What is atopic dermatitis?

Answer 5

A chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition affecting the face, neck, arms, and legs.

Question 6

What is spared in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 6

Groin and axillary regions.

Question 7

At what age does atopic dermatitis commonly appear?

Answer 7

85% in the first year of life, highest in infancy and childhood.

Question 8

What is the prevalence of atopic dermatitis?

Answer 8

15-30% in children, 2-10% in adults.

Question 9

What are the two main pathophysiological mechanisms of atopic dermatitis?

Answer 9

Primary immune dysfunction and primary epithelial barrier defect.

Question 10

Which gene mutation is associated with atopic dermatitis?

Answer 10

Filaggrin gene mutation.

Question 11

What environmental factors contribute to atopic dermatitis?

Answer 11

Exposure to allergens in utero or childhood, decreased skin barrier function.

Question 12

What is the most common symptom of atopic dermatitis?

Answer 12

Severe itching.

Question 13

How does the rash distribution vary with age in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 13

Infants: face/trunk; Children: flexures; Adults: face, trunk, widespread.

Question 14

What is the primary diagnostic method for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 14

Clinical examination.

Question 15

What lab tests may be useful in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 15

CBC, IgE levels, skin swab for Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 16

What are the first-line treatments for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 16

Moisturizers and topical steroids.

Question 17

What are common moisturizers used in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 17

Sebamed, Cetaphil, CeraVe, petroleum jelly.

Question 18

What are common topical steroids for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 18

Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, betamethasone.

Question 19

What is the second-line treatment for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 19

Topical calcineurin inhibitors (Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus).

Question 20

What systemic treatments are used for severe atopic dermatitis?

Answer 20

Methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, dupilumab.

Question 21

What is an additional therapy for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 21

Phototherapy (narrowband UVB).

Question 22

What skin infection commonly complicates atopic dermatitis?

Answer 22

Staphylococcus aureus superinfection.

Question 23

What are key lifestyle recommendations for atopic dermatitis?

Answer 23

Soft clothing, avoiding wool/nylon, mild detergents, short fingernails.

Question 24

What is allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer 24

A delayed hypersensitivity reaction to allergens causing localized dermatitis.

Question 25

What are common allergens causing allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer 25

Nickel, dichromate, rubber, hair dye, perfumes, preservatives, lanolin.

Question 26

How is allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed?

Answer 26

Patch testing.

Question 27

What is irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer 27

Skin inflammation due to exposure to irritants like detergents, alkalis, acids, solvents.

Question 28

What is the main difference between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer 28

Allergic dermatitis is immune-mediated; irritant dermatitis is caused by direct skin damage.

Question 29

What is discoid (nummular) eczema?

Answer 29

Coin-shaped eczematous lesions, usually on the limbs, more common in men.

Question 30

What is pompholyx (dyshidrotic) eczema?

Answer 30

Intensely itchy vesicles and bullae on palms, fingers, and soles.

Question 31

What is the first step in treating contact dermatitis?

Answer 31

Avoidance of allergens and irritants.

Question 32

What is the role of antihistamines in dermatitis treatment?

Answer 32

They help control itching.

Question 33

What are examples of sedating antihistamines?

Answer 33

Hydroxyzine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine.

Question 34

What are examples of non-sedating antihistamines?

Answer 34

Loratadine, cetirizine, levocetirizine, bilastine.

Question 35

What type of phototherapy is used for dermatitis?

Answer 35

Narrowband UVB therapy.

Question 36

What systemic conditions are associated with atopic dermatitis?

Answer 36

Asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies.

Question 37

What is lichenification?

Answer 37

Skin thickening with pronounced markings due to chronic scratching.

Question 38

What is dyspigmentation in dermatitis?

Answer 38

Hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation due to chronic inflammation.

Question 39

What is the recommended temperature for bathing in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 39

Lukewarm water to prevent excessive skin dryness.

Question 40

What is perioral dermatitis?

Answer 40

Inflammatory papules and pustules around the mouth, often aggravated by topical steroids.

Question 41

How does seborrheic dermatitis present?

Answer 41

Greasy, scaly patches on the scalp, face, and upper body.

Question 42

What is the primary treatment for seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer 42

Antifungal agents (ketoconazole), mild steroids, medicated shampoos.

Question 43

Which populations are more prone to seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer 43

Infants (cradle cap) and adults with Parkinson’s or HIV.

Question 44

What is gravitational (stasis) dermatitis?

Answer 44

Dermatitis due to chronic venous insufficiency, often seen in the lower legs.

Question 45

What is the primary cause of stasis dermatitis?

Answer 45

Venous hypertension leading to skin inflammation and breakdown.

Question 46

What is the best preventive measure for stasis dermatitis?

Answer 46

Leg elevation, compression therapy, treating underlying venous disease.

Question 47

What is the main treatment for allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer 47

Avoidance of allergens, topical steroids, antihistamines.

Question 48

What are common sources of nickel exposure in allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer 48

Jewelry, bra clips, watches, jean studs.

Question 49

What is the primary defense against dermatitis exacerbations?

Answer 49

Consistent use of moisturizers and avoiding triggers.

Question 50

What are excoriations in dermatitis?

Answer 50

Scratches or erosions caused by itching.

Question 51

What is the role of corticosteroids in dermatitis treatment?

Answer 51

They reduce inflammation and itching.

Question 52

What is the purpose of diluted bleach baths in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 52

To reduce bacterial colonization and prevent infections.

Question 53

What is the role of biologic therapy in atopic dermatitis?

Answer 53

Used for severe cases; e.g., Dupilumab targets IL-4 and IL-13 pathways.

Question 54

What are the most common occupational triggers for irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer 54

Frequent handwashing, chemical exposure in cleaning and healthcare professions.