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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

(139 cards)

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1
Q

state some dermatology problems

A 
pruritus
scale
alopecia
crusting
ulceration
nodules
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2
Q

define pruritus

A

itchy skin causing self trauma

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3
Q

what can be causes of pruritus?

A

allergy
parasites
microbial infection

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4
Q

what can cause scale?

A

keratinisation disorders

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5
Q

what is mean by primary skin lesions?

A

develop in skin of own accord

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6
Q

define alopecia

A

hair loss

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7
Q

define bullae

A

localised collection of fluid over 0.5cm diameter

larger than vesicle

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8
Q

define erythema

A

diffuse or localised redness of skin which disappears with diascopy

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9
Q

define macule

A

flat circumscribed skin discolouration less than 1cm diameter without surface elevation and depression

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10
Q

define nodule

A

circumscribed solid elevation greater than 1cm usually extends into dermis

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11
Q

define papule

A

small solid elevation of the skin up to 1cm diameter

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12
Q

what causes papules?

A

infiltration of inflammatory cells, fluid, foreign material with oedema and epidermal hyperplasia

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13
Q

define patch

A

big macule, localised flat change in skin pigment larger than 1cm in diameter

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14
Q

define plaque

A

flat topped elevation of skin usually over 0.5cm, formed by coalition of papules

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15
Q

define pustule

A

small circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with purulent material

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16
Q

define vesicle

A

small circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with clear fluid, less than 0.5cm diameter

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17
Q

define wheal

A

sharply circumscribed raised lesion consisting of oedema, usually appears and disappears within hours

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18
Q

list primary skin lesions

A 
alopecia
bullae
erythema
macule
nodule
papule
patch
plaque
vesicle
wheal
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19
Q

list secondary skin lesions

A 
comedone
crust
epidermal collarette
fissure
hyperkeratosis
hyper and hypopigmentation
lichenification
scale
scar
ulcer
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20
Q

what are potential causes of secondary skin lesions?

A

self trauma
trauma
infections
regressing primary lesions

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21
Q

define comedone

A

dilated hair follicle filled with cornified cells and sebaceous material

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22
Q

define crust

A

dried exudate, cells, pus and scale adherent to surface

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23
Q

define epidermal collarette

A

erosion, superficial damage to epidermis

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24
Q

define fissure

A

linear cleavage into the epidermis

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25
define hyperkeratosis
increase in thickness of cornified layer of skin
26
define lichenification
thickening of skin resulting in cobblestone appearance
27
define scale
accumulation of loose fragments of cornified layer of skin
28
define ulceration
full thickness loss of epidermis exposing the dermis
29
how do you approach diagnosing dermatological conditions?
``` history flea status physical exam problem list differential diagnosis of possible causes diagnostic plan for definitive cause ```
30
list diagnostic techniques for dermatology
``` acetate tape for cytology skin scrapings impression smear flea comb trichogram ```
31
what can be seen on acetate tape for cytology?
malassezia bacteria inflammatory cells squames
32
what can you see on skin scrapings?
demodex if deep cheyletiella if superficial sarcoptes
33
what can be seen on impression smears?
inflammatory cells malassezia bacteria
34
what can trichogram show?
``` anagen telogen mite and lice eggs pruritus dermatophytosis ```
35
what animals is dermatophytosis mainly found?
perisian cats but is zoonotic
36
what are signs of dermatophytosis?
hair loss | scaling
37
how is dermatophytosis diagnosed?
woods lamp to see fluorescence microscopy to see spores dermatophyte test medium culture for 2 weeks at room temperature
38
how can dermatophytosis be treated?
products for small localised lesions can use topical therapy clipping to reduce load but can spread on host systemic therapy for general or chronic infection
39
what is the main cause of dermatophytosis contaminating the environment?
fungal spores on hair
40
how can you reduce environmental contamination of dermatophytosis?
``` cleaning chemical agents throw away toys, bedding etc wash in antifungal disinfectant thorough vacuuming ```
41
what are indications for skin biopsies?
``` neoplasia generalised dermatosis conditions poorly responsive to therapy no results from other tests vesicles bullae erosions ulcers ```
42
describe how skin biopsies are done
LA, sedation or GA clip hair but dont prepare skin as removes pathogens take from multiple sites and fully developed lesions avoid traumatised lesions punch 4-8mm wide and excise
43
where do skin biopsies get sent?
histopathology culture cytology
44
what can be results from submitting skin biopsies?
diagnosis compatible with clinical diagnosis not compatible with clinical diagnosis non-diagnostic
45
what is meant by the itch scratch cycle?
once itchy continues to scratch | itching influenced by flare factors
46
list flare factors
``` fleas bacteria yeast dry skin sweating psychological factors ```
47
how is pruritus clinically assessed?
visual analogue scale from normal to itching taking over normal tasks itching behaviours
48
how do animals develop clinical signs of allergic dermatitis?
increase in allergic load pushes over amount they can tolerate
49
what are clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis?
``` alopecia erythema excoriation hyperpigmentation lichenification self trauma secondary infections ```
50
how is canine atopic dermatitis diagnosed?
rule out other pruritic causing conditions | intradermal and blood testing to select allergens for immunotherapy
51
what is the purpose of canine atopic dermatitis allergy testing?
doesnt diagnose identify allergens of clinical significance basis for allergen specific immunotherapy and desensitisation
52
what are examples of microbial infection?
pyoderma | malassezia
53
what are clinical signs of pyoderma?
intraepidermal pustules easily disrupted transient primary lesions secondary crusting, erosion lesions peripheral spread with peeling epidermal collarette recurring disease if underlying cause unmanaged
54
what are common underlying disorders of pyoderma?
ectoparasites allergy endocrinopathies
55
what are the two types of pyoderma?
superficial | deep
56
what is the main cause and signs of deep pyoderma?
demodex | weepy skin, infection in skin follicle
57
list antibiotics used for pyoderma treatment
clindamycin trimethoprim clavulanic acid and amoxicillin cefalexin
58
how long does it normally take to treat superficial pyoderma?
3-4 weeks
59
how can topical treatments help treat pyoderma?
remove scale, crust and exudate reduce bacterial number promote drainage of deeper lesions reduce pain and pruritus
60
what is malassezia pachydermatitis?
opportunistic yeast pathogen
61
where does malassezia normally live?
external ear canal chin perioral interdigital
62
what is the effect of malassezia infection?
hypersensitivity to microbes agents
63
what predisposes to malassezia infection?
alteration in skin microclimate, sebum, moisture | allergic and bacterial skin disease
64
what are clinical signs of malassezia infection?
``` pruritus effects ventral region, feet, face, skin folds erythema scale hyperpigmentation malodour ```
65
how is malassezia infection diagnosed?
impression smears acetate strip preparations culture
66
how can you treat malassezia?
topical chlorhexidine therapy 2x weekly | systemic itraconazole therapy for 7 days
67
what is main sign of malassezia otitis?
otitis externa
68
what is the cause of malassezia otitis?
ceruminous glands provide lipid rich material for bacteria to survive
69
how can you treat malassezia otitis?
steroids to control cerumen production
70
describe the lifecycle of fleas
intermediate stages found in environment | fleas stay on host unless removed by scratching etc
71
what is flea bite hypersensitivity?
clinical condition in animals sensitised to antigenic components of flea saliva
72
how is flea bite hypersensitivity diagnosed?
``` history compatible clinical signs flea evidence dipylidium caninum infestation positive response to flea treatment elimination of differential diagnoses serology testing for flea saliva antigen ```
73
what can affect the efficacy of flea control?
``` formulation application hair length bathing insect growth development inhibitors in environment ```
74
what are control measures for fleas in environment?
thorough vacuuming to remove eggs, debris and faeces
75
what is the main aim of flea control and how is it achieved?
prevention using prophylaxis
76
how are animals with flea allergy dermatitis treated?
``` insecticides long term insect growth inhibitor glucocorticoids antibiotics if needed preventative control ```
77
what prevents management of fleas?
not treating all animals contacted not preventing not removing all fleas from environment
78
what are signs of demodex?
itchy skin alopecia crusting secondary infection
79
what can be seen on histology caused by demodex?
folliculitis furunculosis nodular dermatitis
80
how is demodex diagnosed?
deep skin scraping hair plucks skin biopsy observation of lesions general or local
81
what is prognosis for generalised demodicosis?
50% spontaneously recover as immune system matures | good with treatment
82
when does localised demodicosis affect animals?
juveniles
83
what is the effect of localised demodicosis?
mild disease rarely becoming generalised | focal alopecia and erythema
84
where does local demodicosis normally affect?
legs and head
85
why is localised demodicosis normally not treated?
spontaneously resolve
86
what animals are prone to adult onset demodex?
``` immunocompromised corticosteroids hyperadrenocorticism neoplasia hypothyroidism ```
87
how is demodex treated?
acaridicidal treatment | manage bacterial pyoderma with oral cefalexin and chlorhexidine baths
88
describe the lifecycle of sarcoptes scabei?
3 weeks long | eggs laid in deep burrows in host
89
what are signs of sarcoptes scabei infection?
pruritus | hypersensitivity
90
how is sarcoptes scabei diagnosed?
skin scrapings skin biopsies, rarely diagnostic ELISA blood test transmission between contacts or environment
91
how is sarcoptes scabei treated?
treat concurrent staphylococcal infections corticosteroids for pruritus treat mites
92
state an example of ear mites
otodectes cynotis
93
what are signs of ear mites?
irritation | hypersensitivity
94
how are ear mites treated?
give to all animals in house | remove wax before applying topical treatment
95
what is cheyletiellosis?
large surface mites obligate parasites zoonotic and highly contagious
96
where does cheyletiellosis live?
epidermal pseudo-tunnels feeding on tissue fluids | eggs attached to hair
97
what are signs of cheyletiellosis?
``` hypersensitivity lesions scaling mild pruritus dermatitis alopecia ```
98
how is cheyletiellosis diagnosed?
microscopy to identify mites or eggs hair plucks superficial skin scrapings acetate tape impressions
99
how us cheyletiellosis treated?
selamectin monthly moxidectin baths or sprays
100
what are harvest mites?
6 legged larvae of trombicula autumnalis
101
describe the life cycle of harvest mites
most prevalent in autumn as orange larvae on vegetation attach to host and feed for 3 days complete lifecycle in environment
102
what are signs of harvest mite infection?
erythema papules crusting hypersensitivity
103
where do harvest mites tend to live on animals?
pinnae pre-auricular regions interdigital spaces eyelids
104
how is harvest mite infestation diagnosed?
observing 6 legged orange larvae confirmed by microscopy
105
how are harvest mites treated?
flea products glucocorticoids for hypersensitivity fipronil spray to prevent attachment
106
describe typical lice lifecycle
2-3 weeks eggs attach to hairs hatch 3 nymph stages before adult
107
what are clinical signs of lice?
pruritus scaling of dorsum self trauma
108
how are lice infestations diagnosed?
exam for eggs or adults acetate tape impression coat brushings hair pluckings
109
how are lice treated?
selamectin moxidectin clip heavily infested animals to reduce burden and allow topical therapy to be effective
110
what is the problem of ticks?
carry tick borne diseases such as encephalitis, lyme
111
how are ticks prevented?
monthly tick control
112
what are the hosts for echinococcus granulosus?
DH- carnivores | IH- humans, sheep that ingest DH
113
what is the effect of echinococcus granulosus infection on IH?
humans- cysts in liver and lungs | sheep- production losses
114
how is echinococcus granulosus infection diagnosed in IH?
post mortem ultrasound radiography
115
how is echinococcus granulosus treated?
DH- praziquantel | IH- no treatment
116
how can echinococcus granulosus be controlled?
dog treatment and control meat inspection before consumption disposal of offal
117
what stage of taenia causes issues?
intermediate stage
118
how can you control taenia infection?
prevent dogs eating offal stop sheep eating eggs in dogs defecations up to date worming
119
what are the hosts for taenia?
DH- dog | IH- sheep
120
what is the effect of taenia infection in sheep?
space occupying lesions destruction of coenurus cerebralis head tilt
121
what are the hosts for echinococcus multiocularis?
DH- dog, fox, cat IH- rodents, humans spend some time not on host
122
what is the lifecycle of toxocara canis?
hepato tracheal migration somatic arrest in various body tissue in adults reactivation by transplacental and transmammary infection
123
how is toxocara canis treated and controlled?
routine worming | early worming puppies
124
what are worming products used for toxocara canis prevention?
benzimidazoles endectocides piperazine citrate praziquanal
125
what is normal puppy worming protocol for toxacara canis?
week 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 | every 3 months
126
what is the protocol for worming pregnant bitches?
fenbendazole daily from day 42 to 2 weeks post whelping | only reduces not removes so assume all pups infected
127
what is routine worming protocol in dogs?
monthly to 3 monthly test and treat remove faeces
128
how are kittens treated for worms and why?
from 3-4 weeks as only transmammary not transplacental transmission
129
why do you need to worm cats?
hunt and eat hosts containing worm
130
what are signs of early angiostrongylus infection?
``` coughing dyspnoea anaemia depression anorexia coagulopathy ```
131
what are signs of chronic angiostrongylus infection?
verminous pneumonia anorexia emaciation pulmonary hypertension
132
how is angiostrongylus diagnosed?
faecal exam | blood test
133
define macroscopic
visible with naked eye but need microscope to distinguish
134
how do lice eggs attach to host?
attach to hairs with cement
135
how is identity of surface mites confirmed?
magnification
136
state type of fur mites
cheyletiella spp
137
state type of ear mites
otodectes
138
where do ear mites reside?
superficially feeding on ear debris | eggs in ear canal
139
define microscopic
need microscope to see and identify

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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